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Eastern Catholic church
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Not to be confused with Syro-Malabar Church or Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.
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Syriac Catholic Church
ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ
Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul, Damascus, Syria
TypeParticular church (sui iuris)
ClassificationChristian
Orientation
ScripturePeshitta[1]
PolityEpiscopal
Pope‹See Tfd›Leo XIV
PatriarchIgnatius Joseph III Yonan
RegionNear-East;
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Turkey
with communities in United States, Canada, France, Sweden, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina and Australia
LanguageSyriac, Aramaic
LiturgyWest Syriac Rite
HeadquartersBeirut, Lebanon[2]
FounderTraces ultimate origins to Apostles St. Paul and St. Peter Through Patriarchs Ignatius Andrew Akijan (1662) and Ignatius Michael III Jarweh (1782)
Branched fromChurch of Antioch[3]
Members153,415 (2018)[4]
Official websitesyr-cath.org (in Arabic)
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The Syriac Catholic Church[a] is an Eastern Catholic sui iuris (self-governing) particular church that is in full communion with the Holy See and with the entirety of the Catholic Church.[5] Originating in the Levant, it uses the West Syriac Rite liturgy and has many practices and rites in common with the Syriac Orthodox Church. The Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic, is the liturgical language used by the church.[6] There are about 160,000 Syriac Catholics, with the majority in Syria and Iraq, along with a smaller community in Lebanon and an overseas diaspora. It is one of the smaller Eastern Catholic churches based in the Middle East.[7] \n

The Syriac Catholic Church traces its history and traditions to the Church of Antioch established by Saint Peter. The Diocese of the East under the Patriarch of Antioch included the western Middle East along the Mediterranean.[6] The Church of Antioch was split following the Council of Chalcedon in 451 over disagreements on Christology, with the Syriac, Coptic, and Armenian churches becoming part of Oriental Orthodoxy after rejecting the outcome of the council.[8] A decree of unity between the Syriac Orthodox Church and Rome was made at the Council of Florence in 1444 but it was quickly annulled by the Syriac hierarchy. After missionary work led to conversions to Catholicism among Syriac Christians in the 17th century, one of them, Andrew Akijan, was elected as the Syriac Patriarch of Antioch in 1662. After his death in 1677, rival Catholic and Orthodox Syriac patriarchs were elected between then and 1702. The current line of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch began in 1782, when Michael Jarweh declared himself in communion with the pope of Rome after being elected by the Syriac Orthodox Holy Synod.[9]\n

The church is headed by Mor Ignatius Joseph III Younan, who has been the patriarch since 2009. Its patriarch of Antioch has the title of Patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syriacs and resides in Beirut, Lebanon.[b] The seat of the Syriac Catholic patriarch was moved several times due to persecution of the church. Michael Jarweh established the monastery of Our Lady in Sharfeh, Lebanon, which is also currently the site of the seminary and printing house of the Syriac Catholic Church.[9]\n

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Name

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The Syriac Catholic Church (Classical Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ, romanized: ʿĪṯo Suryoyṯo Qaṯolīqayṯo) is sometimes also called the Syrian Catholic Church. Furthermore, it is sometimes referred by its patriarchate, the Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch. See also: Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch.\n

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History

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Pre-Crusades period

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The Syriac Catholic Church claims its origin through Saint Peter prior to his departure to Rome, and extends its roots back to the origins of Christianity in the Orient; in the Acts of the Apostles we are told that it is in Antioch where the followers of Jesus for the first time were called \"Christians\" (Acts 11:26).\n

In the time of the first ecumenical councils, the Patriarch of Antioch held the ecclesiastical authority over the Diocese of the Orient, which was to be extended from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Its scholarly mission in both languages, Greek and Syriac, was to provide the world and the Universal Church with eminent saints, scholars, hermits, martyrs and pastors. Among these great people are Saint Ephrem (373), Doctor of the Church, and Saint Jacob of Sarug (521).\n

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During the Crusades

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During the Crusades there were many examples of warm relations between Catholic and Syriac Orthodox bishops. Some of these bishops favored union with Rome, but there was no push to unify until a decree of union between the Syriac Orthodox and Rome was signed at the Council of Florence September 30, 1444 – but the effects of this decree were rapidly annulled by opponents of it in the Syriac Church's hierarchy.\n

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Split with the Syriac Orthodox Church

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A Jesuit and Capuchin missionaries evangelizing in Aleppo caused some local Syriac Orthodox faithful to form a pro-catholic movement within the Syriac Orthodox Church. In 1667, Andrew Akijan, a supporter of union with the Catholic Church, was elected as patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church.[10] This provoked a split in the community, and after Akijan's death in 1677, two opposing patriarchs were elected, with the pro-Catholic one being the uncle of Andrew Akijan. However, when the Catholic patriarch died in 1702, the Ottoman government supported the Syriac Orthodoxy's agitation against the Syriac Catholics, and throughout the 18th century the Syriac Catholics underwent suffering and much persecution. Due to this, there were long periods when no Syriac Catholic bishops were functioning, so a patriarch could not be elected, and the community was forced to go entirely underground. However, in 1782, the Syriac Orthodox Holy Synod elected Metropolitan Michael Jarweh of Aleppo as patriarch. Shortly after he was enthroned, he declared himself Catholic and in unity with the pope of Rome. After this declaration, Jarweh took refuge in Lebanon and built the still-extant monastery of Our Lady at Sharfeh, and by that act became the patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church. Since Jarweh, there has been an unbroken succession of Syriac Catholic patriarchs, which is known as the Ignatius line.[11]\n

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After the split up until modern times

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In 1829 the Ottoman government granted legal recognition to the Armenian Catholic Church, and in 1845 the Syriac Catholic Church was also granted its own civil emancipation. Meanwhile, the residence of the patriarch was shifted to Aleppo in 1831. However, after the Massacre of Aleppo in 1850, the patriarchal see was shifted to Mardin in 1854.\n

After becoming officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1845, the Syriac Catholic Church expanded rapidly. However, the expansion was ended by the persecutions and massacres that took place during the Sayfo of World War I. After that, the Syriac Catholic patriarchal see was moved to Beirut away from Mardin, to which many Ottoman Christians had fled the genocide. In addition to its see in Beirut, the patriarchal seminary and printing house are located at Sharfeh Monastery in Sharfeh, Lebanon.\n

The church established a presence in Australia in August 1985, when Monsignor Michael Berbari, a priest who arrived from Egypt and later held the rank of chorbishop, celebrated the first Mass in the Syriac Catholic rite in Australia, in Sydney.[12] Berbari, who served as Patriarchal Vicar of Australia and New Zealand,[9] established the community's first church, Our Lady of Mercy in Concord, opened in 1994.[13] The Sydney parish grew substantially with the arrival of Iraqi refugees following the rise of ISIS, and in 2024 the foundation stone was laid for a new church at Kemps Creek in the presence of Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Yonan.[12][14]\n

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Organization

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Leadership

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Syriac Catholic Church in Beyoğlu, Istanbul
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As of 2013[update], the patriarch of Antioch (an ancient major see, where several Catholic and Orthodox patriarchates nominally reside) was Moran Mor Ignatius Joseph III Younan, resident in Beirut, Lebanon. The Syriac Catholic patriarch always takes the name \"Ignatius\" in addition to another name.\n

In modern history the leaders of the Syriac Catholic Church have been: Patriarch Michael III Jarweh, Archbishop Clemens Daoud, Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani, Vicomte de Tarrazi, Monsignor Ishac Armaleh, Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni, Chorbishop Gabriel Khoury-Sarkis, Ignatius Antony II Hayyek, Ignatius Moses I Daoud, Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad, and Ignatius Joseph III Yonan.\nEminent Syriac saints, scholars, hermits, martyrs and pastors since 1100 also include Dionysius Bar Salibi (1171), Gregorius X Bar Hebraeus (1286) and more recently Bishop Mor Flavianus Michael Malke.\n

The Syriac Church leadership has produced a variety of scholarly writings in a variety of topics. For example, Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani was widely praised for his work in Syriac and is responsible for Pope Benedict XV recognising Saint Ephrem as a Doctor of the Catholic Church.[15] Likewise Patriarch Ignatius Behnam II Beni is known for imploring Eastern theology to defend the primacy of Rome.[16]\n

The patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syriacs presides upon the Patriarchal Eparchy of Beirut and leads spiritually all the Syriac Catholic community around the world.\n

The community includes two archdioceses in Iraq, four in Syria, one in Egypt and Sudan, a patriarchal vicariate in Palestine, a patriarchal vicariate in Turkey and the Eparchy of Our Lady of Deliverance in the United States and Canada.\n

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Current jurisdictions

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A map of the Syriac Catholic jurisdictions
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Middle East diocesan jurisdictions
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Old World missionary jurisdictions
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Overseas diaspora
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Former jurisdictions

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Titular sees

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Other suppressed jurisdictions

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Current hierarchy

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The present Syriac Catholic episcopate (20 hierarchs as per 30 July 2026) is as follows:[17][18]\n

Patriarch:\n

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Eparchial hierarchs:\n

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Auxiliary and Curial Bishops:\n

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Retired hierarchs:\n

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Further information: Dioceses of the Syriac Catholic Church
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As of 2010[update] the church was estimated to have 159,000 faithful, 10 bishoprics, 85 parishes, 106 secular priests, 12 religious-order priests, 102 men and women in religious orders, 11 permanent deacons and 31 seminarians.[19]\n

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Liturgy

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The West Syriac Rite is rooted in the old tradition of both the churches of Jerusalem and Antioch and has ties with the ancient Jewish Berakah.[citation needed]\n

The Syriac Catholic Church follows a similar tradition to other Eastern Catholic Churches who use the West Syriac Rite, such as the Maronites and Syro-Malankara Christians. This rite is clearly distinct from the Greek Byzantine rite of Antioch of the Melkite Catholics and their Orthodox counterparts. Syriac Catholic priests were traditionally bound to celibacy by the Syriac Catholic local Synod of Sharfeh in 1888, but there are now a number of married priests.\n

The liturgy of the Syriac Catholic Church is very similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church.\n

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Liturgical paraphernalia

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Fans

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Further information: Liturgical fan in Eastern Christianity
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The Syriac Catholic Church uses fans with bells on them and engraved with seraphim during the Qurbono. Usually someone in the minor orders would shake these fans behind a bishop to symbolise the seraphim. They are also used during the consecration where two men would shake them over the altar during moments in the epliclesis and words of institution when the priest says \"he took and broke\" and \"this is my body/blood\".\n

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The Syriac Catholic fans look similar to this but with bells on the edges
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Thurible

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The thurible of the Syriac Catholic Church consists of nine bells, representing the nine choirs of angels.\n

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Liturgy of the Hours

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The Liturgy of the Hours is exactly the same as in the Syriac Orthodox. There are two versions of this: the Phenqitho and the Shhimo. The former is the more complicated seven-volume version. While the latter is the simple version.\n

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Further information: Syriac_Orthodox_Church § Worship
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Liturgical ranking

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Likewise the ranking of clerics in the Syriac Catholic Church is extremely similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The most notable differences are:\n

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Major orders

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Minor orders

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Further information: Syriac Orthodox Church § Ranks_of_priesthood
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Languages

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The liturgical language of the Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac, is a dialect of Aramaic. The Qurbono Qadisho (literally: Holy Mass or Holy Offering/Sacrifice) of the Syriac Church uses a variety of Anaphoras, with the Anaphora of the 12 Apostles being the one mostly in use with the Liturgy of St James the Just.\n

Their ancient semitic language is known as Aramaic (or \"Syriac\" after the time of Christ since the majority of people who spoke this language belonged to the province of \"Syria\"). It is the language spoken by Jesus, Mary and the Apostles. Many of the ancient hymns of the church are still maintained in this native tongue although several have been translated into Arabic, English, French and other languages.\n

Syriac is still spoken in some few communities in eastern Syria and northern Iraq, but for most Arabic is the vernacular language.\n

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Martyrs

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Throughout the history of the Syriac Church there have been many martyrs. A recent example is Flavianus Michael Malke during the 1915 Sayfo.\n

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Syriac Catholics in Iraq

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Further information: 2010 Baghdad church attack
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On 31 October 2010, 58 Iraqi Syriac Catholics were killed by Muslim extremists while attending Sunday Divine Liturgy; 78 others were wounded. The attack by Iraqi ISIS on the congregation of Our Lady of Deliverance Syriac Catholic Church was the bloodiest single attack on an Iraqi Christian church in recent history.[20]\n

Two priests, Fathers Saad Abdallah Tha'ir and Waseem Tabeeh, were killed.[21] Another, Father Qatin, was seriously wounded but recovered.[22][23]\n

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Classical Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ, romanized: ʿĪṯo Suryayṯo Qaṯolīqayṯo, Arabic: الكنيسة السريانية الكاثوليكية; Latin: Antiochenus Syrorum\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ The title of Patriarch of Antioch is also used by four other churches: one Eastern Orthodox, one Oriental Orthodox, and two other Eastern Catholic; the Latin titular patriarchate was abolished in 1964.\n
    3. \n
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References

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  1. ^ Studia Humana Volume 2:3 (2013), pp. 53—55\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ \"Syriac Patriarchal See of Antioch\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 17 February 2022.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ \"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church of Antioch\". www.newadvent.org.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ Eastern Catholic Churches Worldwide 2018\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ \"Eastern Rite Sui iuris Catholic Churches\". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2024.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ a b \"Diocese of Our Lady of Deliverance | Syriac Catholic Church in the United States of America\". Retrieved 17 March 2024.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ \"Bishop discusses situation of the Syriac Catholic Church in Lebanon\". Aid to the Church in Need. 24 August 2022.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ \"General History\". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, Archdiocese for the Eastern United States. Retrieved 5 May 2025.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ a b c Roberson, Ronald (26 October 2021). \"The Syrian Catholic Church\". Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Retrieved 29 April 2025.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ lexicorient.com/e.o/syr_cath.htm\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ Joseph, John (1 June 1984). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-600-0.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ a b Fisher, Anthony (15 October 2024). \"Short remarks at the laying of the foundation stone for the Syriac Catholic Church\". Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney.\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ a b \"About Us\". Syriac Catholic Church of Sydney. Retrieved 12 June 2026.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ \"Plans unveiled for Syriac Catholic church in Sydney's south west\". The Catholic Weekly. 12 April 2023.\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ \"Principi Apostolorum Petro (October 5, 1920) – BENEDICT XV\". Retrieved 5 September 2016.\n
    16. \n
  16. ^ Benni, Cyril Benham; Gagliardi, Joseph (1 January 1871). \"The tradition of the Syriac Church of Antioch : concerning the primacy and the prerogatives of St. Peter and of his successors the Roman pontiffs\". London : Burns, Oates. Retrieved 5 September 2016 – via Internet Archive.\n
    17. \n
  17. ^ \"Syrian Catholic Church: Living Bishops\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 14 April 2026.\n
    18. \n
  18. ^ \"Syriac Church: Living Catholic Bishops\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 14 April 2026.\n
    19. \n
  19. ^ Ronald Roberson (source: Annuario Pontificio) (22 August 2010). \"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010\" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.\n
    20. \n
  20. ^ Leland, John (31 October 2010). \"Iraqi Forces Storm a Church With Hostages in a Day of Bloodshed\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2020.\n
    21. \n
  21. ^ article at undergroundfr.org Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2010-11-03 (in French), Retrieved on 2010-11-04. \"Trois prêtres (Saad Abdallah Tha'ir, Waseem Tabeeh et Raphael Qatin) et des dizaines de chrétiens ont été tués.\"\n
    22. \n
  22. ^ \"erratum: le père Raphael Qatin n’est pas décédé\" Archived 2010-11-07 at the Wayback Machine aed-france.org\n2010-11-05 (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2010.\n
    23. \n
  23. ^ \"Iraqi Christians Hold Mass In Assaulted Church\" NPR.org, 2010-11-07. Retrieved 8 November 2010.\n
    24. \n
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Bibliography

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External links

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