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Metropolitan municipality in Turkey
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This article is about the city. For other uses, see Mardin (disambiguation).
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Metropolitan municipality in Turkey
Mardin
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: view of the old city and citadel; Sultan Isa Medrese; Kasımiye Medrese; view from the top of the Mesopotamian plain from the city; Mor Behnam Church; houses of the old city; Mor Hananyo Monastery
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\n
\"Official
Emblem of Mardin Metropolitan Municipality
\"Mardin
\"Mardin\"
Mardin
Location within Turkey
Coordinates: 37°18′47″N 40°44′06″E / 37.31306°N 40.73500°E / 37.31306; 40.73500
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMardin
Government
 • MayorTuncay Akkoyun [tr] (acting)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total
129,864
Time zoneUTC+3:00 (Time in Turkey)
Websitewww.mardin.gov.tr
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Mardin (Kurdish: مێردین, romanized: Mêrdîn;[2] Arabic: ماردين, romanized: Mārdīn; Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ, romanized: Mardīn;[3][4] Armenian: Մարդին) is a city and seat of the Artuklu District of Mardin Province in Turkey.[5] It is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky hill near the Tigris River.[6]\n

In February 2000, the Turkish Ministry of Culture placed Mardin and its surrounding cultural landscape on the country’s Tentative List for UNESCO World Heritage nomination.[7]\n

The city had a population of 129,864 in 2021.[1] The population is a mix of Kurds, Arabs, Mhallami, and Assyrians.[8]\n

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History

[edit]
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Antiquity and etymology

[edit]
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Further information: Upper Mesopotamia § History
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A legal document from the Neo-Assyrian period mentions a road to Mardiānê (commonly identified with modern Mardin), showing that the name was already in use at that time. Adad-nirari II campaigned just south of Mardin, and the Arameans offered strong resistance.[9] As Aramean settlement increased in and around the city, the older Akkadian name Mardiānê was dropped and fell out of use, giving rise to the Aramaic name Mardin.[10]\n

The city survived into the Syriac Christian period as the name of Mount Izla on which in the early 4th century stood the monastery of Nisibis, housing seventy monks.[11] In the Roman period, the city itself was known as Marida (Merida),[12] from a Syriac word translating to \"fortress\".[13][14]\n

Between c. 150 BC and c. AD 250, it was part of Osroene, which was ruled by the Abgarid dynasty.[15]\n

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Medieval history

[edit]
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During the early Muslim conquests, the Byzantine city was captured in 640 by the Muslim commander Iyad ibn Ghanm.[16][17] In many periods control of the city changed hands frequently between different dynasties. Hamdan ibn Hamdun captured the city in 885 and it remained under intermittent Hamdanid control until the second half of the 10th century, at which point it became contested between the Marwanids and the Uqaylids, with the Marwanids probably holding the upper hand over this area.[16][17] Marwanid control in the region was ended by the arrival of the Great Seljuks under Malik-Shah I in 1085, which inaugurated an era of Turkish political domination and immigration in the region.[17]\n

From 1103 onwards, Mardin served as the capital of one of the two main branches of the Artuqid dynasty, an Oghuz Turkish family who had earlier fought alongside the Seljuks.[18][17] Many of Mardin's major historic buildings were constructed under Artuqid control, including several mosques and madrasas, along with other types of Islamic architecture.[19] The lands of the Artukid dynasty fell to the Mongol invasion sometime between 1235 and 1243, but the Artuqids submitted to Mongol khan Hülegü and continued to govern as vassals of the Mongol Empire.[20][18]\n

Hayton of Corycus's 1307 chronicle notes that, unlike the rest of Mesopotamia's population, Kurds who dwelled in Mardin were skilled archers,[21] while the geographer al-'Umari, writing a few decades later (1340s), likewise confirms a Kurdish presence in al-Jazira and Mardin.[22]\n

When Timur invaded the region in 1394, the local Artuqid ruler, 'Isā, submitted to Timurid suzerainty, but the region continued to be disputed between different powers.[16] The last Artuqid ruler, al-Salih, finally yielded the city to Qara Yusuf, the leader of Qara Qoyunlu, in 1408–9, and left for Mosul.[18][16] The city continued to be contested between the Qara Qoyunlu and their rivals, the Timurid-allied Aq Qoyunlu.[16] In 1451 the Qara Qoyunlu besieged the city after it had been captured by the Aq Qoyunlu, but failed to retake the stronghold. Aq Qoyunlu rule thus continued in the city for the rest of the 15th century.[17] Coins were struck here under the rule of Uzun Hasan and his son, Ya'qub.[16] After Ya'qub, Aq Qoyunlu rule began to fragment, but Mardin remained the center of an independent Aq Qoyunlu principality for many years, while the Safavids in the east grew stronger.[23] In 1507, the Safavid ruler Ismail I succeeded in capturing the city and the castle, expelling the local Aq Qoyunlu ruler.[24][16]\n

During the medieval period, the town retained significant Syriac and Armenian populations and became the centre for episcopal sees of Armenian Apostolic, Armenian Catholic, Church of the East, Syriac Catholic, churches, as well as a stronghold of the Syriac Orthodox Church, whose patriarchal see was headquartered in the nearby Saffron Monastery from 1034 to 1924.[25] A Venetian merchant who visited the town in 1507 wrote that there were still more Christian Armenians and Jews in the city than Muslims.[16]\n

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Ottoman Empire

[edit]
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Engraving of Mardin by Jacob Peeters (Flemish traveler) in 1690

After the Ottoman victory against their bitter rivals, the Safavids, at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, the balance of power in the region changed. The Safavid commander in the region, Ustajlu, was killed in the battle with the Ottomans and was replaced by his brother, Kara Khan (or Karahan). In 1515 Mardin briefly yielded to the Ottomans, but the castle remained under Safavid control and the Ottomans were forced to leave after a few days, leaving Kara Khan to re-occupy it.[17][16] The following year, the Ottoman commander, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, defeated Kara Khan and Safavid control in the region crumbled. The Ottomans besieged Mardin again, which resisted under the command of Kara Khan's brother, Sulayman Khan. After the Battle of Marj Dabiq in August 1516, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha returned with reinforcements from Syria and finally forced the city's surrender in late 1516 or early 1517.[17][16] After this, Mardin was administered by a governor directly appointed under the Ottoman Sultan's authority.\n

The city experienced a relatively tranquil period under Ottoman rule, without any significant conflicts or plights. European travelers who visited the city in the late 18th and early 19th centuries gave highly variable estimates of the population, but generally indicate that Muslims (or \"Turks\") were the largest group, with sizeable Armenian and Syriac communities and other minorities, while Arabic and Kurdish were the predominant languages.[16]\n

The period of peace was finally halted when the Ottoman Empire came into conflict with the Khedivate of Egypt. During this time the city came under the rule of insurgents associated with the Kurdish Milli clan. In 1835, the Milli tribe was subdued by the military troops of the Wāli of Diyarbekir Eyalet, Reşid Mehmed Pasha.[26] During the siege the city's Great Mosque was blown up.[16] Between 1847 and 1865 the city's population suffered from a notable cholera epidemic, with the exact number of fatalities not known.[24] During World War I Mardin was one of the sites of the Syriac and Armenian genocides. On the eve of World War I, Mardin was home to over 12,000 Syriacs and over 7,500 Armenians.[27] During the course of the war, many were sent to the Ras al-'Ayn Camps, though some managed to escape to the Sinjar Mountain with help from local Chechens.[28] Kurds and Arabs of Mardin typically refer to these events as \"fırman\" (government order), while the Syriac Christians call it \"Seyfo\" (sword).[29][30] After the Armistice of Mudros Mardin was one of the Turkish cities that was not occupied by the troops of the Allied Powers.\n

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Modern history

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Münir Müzeyyen Dede Mosque in Artuklu District
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In 1923, with the founding of the Republic of Turkey, Mardin was made the administrative capital of a province named after it. Many Syriac Christian survivors of the violence, later on, left Mardin for nearby Qamishli in the 1940s after their conscription in the Turkish Army became compulsory.[30] As the Turkish Government subdued the Kurdish Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925, the first and the fourteenth cavalry division were stationed in Mardin.[31]\n

Mardin industrialized significantly during the 1990s, when inhabitants moved in greater numbers to the modern parts of the city that were developing on lower ground at the foot of the old city hill.[32] Through a passed law in 2012 Mardin became a metropolitan municipality, which took office after the Turkish local elections in 2014.[33] The city has a significant Arab population.[34]\n

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Geography

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The city is located near the Syrian border and is the center of Mardin province. The old city is built mostly on the southern slope of a long hill topped by a rocky ridge. The slope descends towards the Mesopotamian plain. The top of the ridge is occupied by the city's historic citadel.[19] The newer parts of the city are located on lower ground to the northwest and in the surrounding area and feature modern amenities and institutions.[32] Mardin Airport is located to the southwest, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the old town.[35]\n

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Panorama of the old city of Mardin, with the Mesopotamian Plain opening to the right
Cultivated plains south of Mardin
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Neighbourhoods

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The city is divided into the following neighborhoods: 13. Mart, Cumhuriyet, Çabuk, Diyarbakırkapı, Eminettin, Ensar, Gül, Hamzabey, İstasyon, Kayacan, Kotek, Latifiye, Medrese, Necmettin, Nur, Ofis, Saraçoğlu, Savurkapı, Şar, Şehidiye, Teker, Yalım (Mansuriye), Ulucami, Yenıkapı and Yenişehir.[5]\n

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Climate

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Mardin has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs) with very hot, dry summers and chilly, wet, and occasionally snowy winters. Mardin is very sunny, with over 3000 hours of sun per year. While temperatures in summer can easily reach 40 °C (104 °F), because of its continental nature, wintry weather is still somewhat common between the months of December and March, and it usually snows for a week or two. The highest recorded temperature is 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) on 31 July 2000, and the coldest recorded was −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 22 February 1985.[36]\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Climate data for Mardin (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–2023)\n
Month\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\nYear\n
Record high °C (°F)\n19.4
(66.9)\n		19.5
(67.1)\n		27.5
(81.5)\n		33.6
(92.5)\n		36.1
(97.0)\n		40.0
(104.0)\n		42.5
(108.5)\n		42.0
(107.6)\n		40.5
(104.9)\n		35.6
(96.1)\n		26.1
(79.0)\n		24.1
(75.4)\n		42.5
(108.5)\n
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)\n6.7
(44.1)\n		8.2
(46.8)\n		12.8
(55.0)\n		18.2
(64.8)\n		24.6
(76.3)\n		31.6
(88.9)\n		35.9
(96.6)\n		35.5
(95.9)\n		30.7
(87.3)\n		23.9
(75.0)\n		14.9
(58.8)\n		8.8
(47.8)\n		21.0
(69.8)\n
Daily mean °C (°F)\n3.7
(38.7)\n		4.7
(40.5)\n		8.8
(47.8)\n		14.0
(57.2)\n		19.9
(67.8)\n		26.1
(79.0)\n		30.3
(86.5)\n		30.2
(86.4)\n		25.6
(78.1)\n		19.3
(66.7)\n		11.2
(52.2)\n		5.8
(42.4)\n		16.6
(61.9)\n
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)\n1.3
(34.3)\n		1.8
(35.2)\n		5.5
(41.9)\n		10.2
(50.4)\n		15.4
(59.7)\n		20.9
(69.6)\n		25.2
(77.4)\n		25.5
(77.9)\n		21.3
(70.3)\n		15.5
(59.9)\n		8.1
(46.6)\n		3.4
(38.1)\n		12.8
(55.0)\n
Record low °C (°F)\n−13.4
(7.9)\n		−14.0
(6.8)\n		−11.7
(10.9)\n		−5.3
(22.5)\n		2.6
(36.7)\n		0.6
(33.1)\n		11.8
(53.2)\n		12.8
(55.0)\n		8.0
(46.4)\n		−2.5
(27.5)\n		−9.5
(14.9)\n		−11.9
(10.6)\n		−14.0
(6.8)\n
Average precipitation mm (inches)\n95.4
(3.76)\n		92.2
(3.63)\n		83.5
(3.29)\n		66.8
(2.63)\n		51.7
(2.04)\n		8.8
(0.35)\n		4.8
(0.19)\n		4.2
(0.17)\n		5.4
(0.21)\n		31.7
(1.25)\n		64.6
(2.54)\n		101.0
(3.98)\n		610.1
(24.02)\n
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n9.5\n9.1\n9.0\n7.8\n6.0\n2.0\n1.4\n1.4\n1.4\n4.5\n6.0\n8.9\n67.0\n
Average snowy days\n3\n1.9\n1.2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1.4\n7.5\n
Average relative humidity (%)\n64.7\n62.1\n57.0\n51.9\n41.3\n30.5\n25.9\n26.9\n31.7\n42.6\n52.9\n62.7\n45.8\n
Mean monthly sunshine hours\n141.9\n144.3\n188.8\n228.7\n307.8\n368.0\n389.0\n354.5\n311.6\n236.2\n179.8\n134.4\n2,985\n
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[37]\n
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days, humidity, sun 1991-2020),[38] Meteomanz (snow days 2013-2023)[39]\n
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Demographics

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The English traveler Mark Sykes recorded Mardin as a city inhabited by Arabs, Armenians, and Jacobites in the early 20th century.[40] 12,609 Orthodox Syriacs and 7,692 Armenians (most of them Catholic) lived in the town, all of them Arabic-speaking. During the late Ottoman genocides, most of the Christians were killed, no matter their ethnicity.[41]\n

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Mother tongue, Mardin District, 1927 Turkish census[42]\n
TurkishArabicKurdishCircassianArmenianUnknown or other language\n
5,82025,69815,640155309\n
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Religion, Mardin District, 1927 Turkish census[42]\n
MuslimChristianJewishUnknown or other religion\n
41,6751,61724,513\n
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Today, the city is predominantly Kurdish and Arab, with significant communities of Syriac Christians.[43][44][45] Official census data does not record the number and proportion of citizens from different ethnicities and religions, but a 2013 study estimated that around 49% of the population identified as Arab and around 49% identified as Kurdish.[43] The city can be divided into three parts: the Old Mardin (Eski Mardin) which is predominantly populated by Arabs with some Kurdish and Syriac families, the Slums (Gecekondu) which are mainly inhabited by Kurds who have escaped the Kurdish Turkish conflict in the 1980-1990s, and the New City (Yenişehir) where the wealthiest people live.[45] The civil servants are mostly Turks, which constitute a minority in the city.[46]\n

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Ecclesiastical history

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A bishopric of the Assyrian Church of the East was centered on the town when it was part of the Roman province of Assyria. It was a suffragan see of Edessa, the provincial metropolitan see. It eventually became part of the Catholic Church in the late 17th century AD following a breakaway from the Assyrian Church, and is the (nominal) seat of three sees of the Catholic Church: the current Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mardin and two (now) titular sees under the ancient name of the town:[47] former Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Mardin, now Titular see of Mardin only, and former Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Mardin and Amida, now titular see (initially as mere Eparchy).\n

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Economy

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Historically, Mardin produced sesame.[48] Mardin province continues to produce agricultural products including sesame, barley, wheat, corn, cotton, and others.[49][32] Angora goats are raised in the area and there is small industry that weaves cotton and wool.[49] Agricultural enterprises are often family-based, varying in size.[32] The city was also historically an important regional trading center on the routes between Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and northern Syria.[49] Nowadays, trade with Syria and Iraq depends on political circumstances.[32]\n

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Architecture

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Mardin’s architectural landscape reflects centuries of Artuqid, Syriac, and Ottoman influences. Its religious and residential landmarks embody a fusion of Islamic and Christian traditions, which were built almost entirely from beige-colored limestone quarried locally for centuries.[50][51]\n

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Artuqid architecture

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Great Mosque of Mardin
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The Sultan Isa or Zincirye Medrese
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Mardin came under the influence of various Turcoman dynasties beginning from the 12th century.[52] Under the Artuqid rule from the 12th century until the 15th century, Mardin became a prominent center of Islamic architecture through a blend of Anatolian Seljuk elements, such as monumental portals, muqarnas and stone carvings, and local influences, all adapted to the region’s limestone and sandstone materials.[53] Important monuments from this era include the Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) of Mardin and the Sultan İsa (or Zinciriye) Medrese.[50][53] Artuqid architecture in Mardin played a key role in shaping the city’s unique identity and contributed significantly to the development of early Turkish architecture.[54]\n

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Mosques

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Medreses

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Citadels

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Külliyes

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Syriac architecture

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Mardin and its nearby cultural region Tur Abdin have been major centers of Syriac Christianity for over a millennium.[65] The city served as the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate from the 13th century until 1932, and remains home to important churches like the Church of Mor Behnam or Kırklar (Forty Martyrs).[66] Just outside the city lies the Mor Hananyo Monastery, founded in the 5th century on a former pagan site, which served as the patriarchal seat for centuries.[50] Syriac churches in Mardin are characterized by austere limestone façades, semi-circular apses, and finely carved inscriptions, reflecting a distinct Christian architectural tradition that developed alongside and in dialogue with Islamic forms.[67][65]\n

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Churches

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Mor Behnam or Kırklar (Forty Martyrs) Church
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Mor Hananyo Monastery, also known as the Saffron Monastery
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Museums

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Ottoman architecture

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Mardin Post Office, an example of traditional domestic architecture
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Between the late 19th and early 20th century, during a period of Western influences on Ottoman architecture, Ottoman Armenian architect Sarkis Lole, also known as the \"Mimar Sinan\" of Mardin, led an era of construction that blended European elements, such as Renaissance and Gothic motifs, with Mardin’s existing Islamic‑Christian vernacular architecture.[79] He is credited with designing numerous private mansions, schools, churches, and civic buildings throughout the old city.[80] His work sought to preserve the harmony of Mardin’s stepped terraces, stone façades, and urban continuity while introducing refined Ottoman-era details like ornate cornices, arched windows, and richly decorated interiors.[79] Additionally, he oversaw restorations and additions to key Artuqid mosques and madrasas, including the Şehidiye Madrasa, where the 1916 spiral minaret, featuring vegetal bands and sunburst reliefs, is attributed to his design or supervision.[81]\n

Houses in Mardin tend to have multiple levels and terraces to accommodate their sloping site, giving the old city its \"stepped\" appearance from afar.[82][19] They are typically centered around an internal courtyard, similar to other houses in the region. Larger houses, as well as other public buildings, tend to have stone-carved decoration around their windows.[19] The courtyard of larger houses is often on the lower level, while the upper levels \"step back\" from this courtyard, giving the house an appearance similar to a \"grand staircase\" when seen from the courtyard.[82]\n

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Politics

[edit]
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In the 2014 local elections, Ahmet Türk of the Democratic Regions Party (DBP)[83] was elected mayor of Mardin. However, on 21 November 2016 he was detained on terror charges after being dismissed from his post by Turkish authorities. A trustee was appointed as mayor instead.[84] In the Municipal elections in March 2019 Türk was re-elected, but was dismissed from his post in August 2019, accused of supporting terrorism.[85] Mustafa Yaman, the governor of Mardin Province, was appointed as acting mayor.[86]\n

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Notable locals

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International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
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Twin towns—sister cities

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Mardin is twinned with:\n

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Sport in Mardin

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See also

[edit]
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Citations

[edit]
\n
    \n
  1. ^ a b \"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez, Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Kurdish and Turkish). p. 55.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ Payne Smith, Robert (1879–1901). Thesaurus Syriacus (in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2219.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ \"Mardin\". syriaca.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2020-05-24.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ a b \"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2022.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ \"Turkey Guide – Rough Guides travel information\". Retrieved 2012-06-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ \"Mardin Cultural Landscape\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2025-11-21.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ Coşkan, Canan (September 2022). \"\"Syrian\" Refugees at the Gaze of Kurds and Arabs in Mardin: Understanding Social Representations and Acculturation Expectations from a Decolonial Approach\". Examining Complex Intergroup Relations: Through the Lens of Turkey.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ Berlejung, Angelika; Streck, Michael P. (2003-01-01). Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-447-06544-3.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Radner, Karen (2006). \"How to reach the Upper Tigris: The route through the Tur Abdin\". State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 15: 291, 275, 276.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ Leitch, John (1859). \"Johann Elieser Theodor Wiltsch, trans. John Leitch, Handbook of the Geography and Statistics of the Church, Volume 1, Bosworth & Harrison, 1859, p. 232\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2021-08-08.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ Fraternité Chrétienne Sarthe-Orient, \"Marida (Mardin)\" Archived 2014-01-25 at the Wayback Machine\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: their ancient history, culture, religion. Peeters Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 978-90-429-0859-8. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2015-12-12.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ Smith, of R. Payne Smith. Ed. by J. Payne (1998). A compendious Syriac dictionary : founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus (Repr. ed.). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-57506-032-3. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2013. suggesting Mardin as a plural \"fortresses\".\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ Amir Harrak. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (3): 209–214. 1992. doi:10.1086/373553. JSTOR 545546.\n
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General sources

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External links

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Mardin in Mardin Province of Turkey
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