{"warnings":{"main":{"warnings":"Subscribe to the mediawiki-api-announce mailing list at for notice of API deprecations and breaking changes. Use [[Special:ApiFeatureUsage]] to see usage of deprecated features by your application."},"parse":{"warnings":"\"prop=sections\" has been deprecated. Please use \"prop=tocdata\" instead."}},"parse":{"title":"Tel Keppe","pageid":29221058,"revid":1373290138,"redirects":[],"text":"
Place in Nineveh, Iraq
Tel Keppe
\n
ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ
\"A
A photo of the Tel Keppe cemetery
\"Tel
\"Tel
Tel Keppe
Location within Iraq
Coordinates: 36°29′22″N 43°7′9″E / 36.48944°N 43.11917°E / 36.48944; 43.11917
Country\"\" Iraq
GovernorateNineveh
DistrictTel Kaif District
Government
 • MayorRaad Naser
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total
40,000
 Prior to ISIS, August 2014
DemonymAssyrian:Tel-Kepnaya (m)/Tel-Kepnetha (f) Arabic:Tel-Kayfi (m)/Tel-Kayfiya (f)
\n

Tel Keppe (Syriac: ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ, Arabic: تل كيف, romanized: Tall Kayf, alternatively spelled Tel Kaif, Tilkepe, or Telkef) is a Chaldean Catholic Assyrian populated town in northern Iraq.[2][3][4][5] It is located in the Tel Keppe District of the Nineveh Governorate, less than 8 mi (13 km) northeast of Mosul.[6]\n

The people who descend from the village of Tel Keppe are ethnic Assyrians, who are indigenous to the village and the Nineveh Plains. The majority of Assyrians from the village adhere to the Chaldean Catholic Church, and due to its influences, many Telkepnayeh hold a strong Chaldean identity.\n

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Etymology

[edit]
\n

The name Tel Keppe (Syriac: ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ) is of Assyrian Aramaic origin and derives from the words til meaning \"hill of\", and kēpē meaning \"stones\". Therefore, the town's name translates to \"hill of stones\".[7][8][9][10]\n

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History

[edit]
\n

The first reliable reference to the town is written in the book The History of Mosul, by Abu Zakaria Azidi. The book was released in 945 AD and he wrote about the history of Mosul, in which he referenced the town of Tel Keppe. Zakaria also mentioned a different author from the year 749 AD, who also mentions the village Tel Keppe as one of the Mosul's many suburbs.\n

In 1508, Tel Keppe was sacked by Mongols. In 1743, Tel Keppe was looted and burned by the armies of the Persian leader Nader Shah. This event took place within the context of the siege of Mosul, in which the Persian army suffered heavy casualties and resorted to looting the surrounding towns to have some semblance of victory. In 1833, the town was once again sacked, this time by Mohammed Pasha the Kurdish governor of Rawandiz who also sacked the town of Alqosh.[6]\n

According to Mary Sengstock, Tel Keppe became Chaldean Catholic around 1830 following a series of street brawls.[11] The brawls took place between those who wanted to become Roman Catholic and those who desired to remain part of the Church of the East. The conflicts ended as the entire village became Catholic.[11]\n

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Occupation by ISIS

[edit]
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On 6 August 2014, the town was captured by the Islamic State (ISIS), along with the nearby Assyrian towns of Bakhdida, Bartella and Karamlesh which were also overrun by ISIS militants during their August 2014 northern Iraq offensive.[12] Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The cemetery in the town was also later destroyed.[13]\n

Soon after the beginning of the Battle of Mosul, Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017.[14][15] Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIS on 19 January 2017.[16]\n

In 2017, Salman Esso Habba of the \"Christian Mobilization\" militia – a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces – warned the Arabs to leave, claiming that Tel Keppe's homes belonged only to Assyrians in the town, MEMO reported Wednesday. He also said that Christians’ homes and rights could not be taken away.[17]\n

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Recent history

[edit]
\n

Five years after the liberation of Tel Keppe and most of the indigenous Assyrian population is yet to return, mostly due to the presence of the non-local Babylon Brigades militia.[18][19] The majority of the towns inhabitants either fled to large cities, or fled Iraq as a whole.[20] Very few Assyrians returned or had any plans to return.[21][22]\n

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Arabization

[edit]
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Tel Keppe has faced Arabization since the late 1970s under the rule of Saddam Hussein.[22][23] Arabs began moving to Tel Keppe, while Assyrians began moving to the larger cities in Iraq, mainly Baghdad, Basra and Mosul.[citation needed] The Northern Iraq Offensive by ISIS made things even worse for the Assyrians. After Tel Keppe was invaded, most Assyrians fled to Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region or fled Iraq entirely, causing more Arabs to settle in the town. The contested security between the Kurdish Peshmerga and the Shia paramilitary force PMU and presence of Arab-dominated militias in the Nineveh Plains has prevented the return of thousands of Tel Keppe residents.[24] Tel Keppe has a majority Arab Muslim population as of 2021.[25]\n

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Climate

[edit]
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Tel Keppe has a semi-arid climate (BSh) with extremely hot summers and cool, damp winters, typical to the Nineveh Plains.\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Climate data for Tel Keppe\n
Month\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\nYear\n
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)\n12
(54)\n		14
(57)\n		20
(68)\n		26
(79)\n		34
(93)\n		38
(100)\n		43
(109)\n		40
(104)\n		38
(100)\n		30
(86)\n		20
(68)\n		14
(57)\n		27
(81)\n
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)\n2
(36)\n		4
(39)\n		8
(46)\n		11
(52)\n		16
(61)\n		21
(70)\n		25
(77)\n		24
(75)\n		20
(68)\n		14
(57)\n		6
(43)\n		4
(39)\n		13
(55)\n
Average precipitation mm (inches)\n39
(1.5)\n		69
(2.7)\n		51
(2.0)\n		9
(0.4)\n		0
(0)\n		0
(0)\n		0
(0)\n		0
(0)\n		0
(0)\n		6
(0.2)\n		36
(1.4)\n		60
(2.4)\n		270
(10.6)\n
Average precipitation days\n10\n10\n11\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n5\n8\n12\n65\n
Source: World Weather Online (2000–2012)[26]\n
\n
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Demographics

[edit]
\n

In 1768, the town had a recorded population of 2,500. Due to plague and other disasters, the population was around 1,500 in 1882, rising to 2,500 again by 1891. In 1923, the population was recorded as 14,000. In 1933, the population numbered around 10,000. As a result of emigration from the town to Baghdad and the United States, the population shrunk to 7,108 by 1968.\n

The district of Tel Keppe was approximately 50% Christian in the mid 1900s, the town of Tel Keppe remaining almost exclusively Assyrian with a population of 6,600 inhabitants.[27] Throughout the late 20th century, the town experienced non-native population growth from the arrival of Arabs, who established residence throughout the town and became the majority after ISIS. By the turn of the century, the population had swelled to close to 30,000.[28]\n

Some families who settled in Tel Keppe are:\n

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Diaspora

[edit]
\n
Chaldean Catholics in Tel Keppe
\n

Starting in the 1980s, and especially after the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 US invasion of Iraq, many Chaldean Catholics from Tel Keppe fled to other countries, primarily the United States. They set up their lives there with new churches and business for their families.[6] By 2001, many Tel-Kepnayeh had moved to major cities in Iraq such as Baghdad or Mosul.[30]\n

Many Assyrians in the Metro Detroit area trace their origins to Tel Keppe. According to the estimates of a priest of Tel Keppe's Sacred Heart Chaldean Rite Catholic Church, there were 10,000 worshippers in the late 1950s, which later decreased to 2,000 around 2004. He said: \"Many people don’t want to go from here; they cry that they have to go… but you almost have to leave these days because your family probably already is in Detroit.\"[31]\n

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Culture

[edit]
\n
Religious ceremony in Tel Keppe
\n

Tel Keppe was historically the center of the Chaldean Catholic community in Iraq. Each family residing in Tel Keppe had one or more plots of farming land located outside Tel Keppe. The land produced barley and wheat, and animals raised there included goats and sheep. Natalie Jill Smith, author of \"Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)\", wrote that in the reports of the village \"everyone was related\" and that marriage tended to occur between two people from the same village.[28]\n

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Notable people

[edit]
\n\n

See also

[edit]
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\n
\n
\"Wikimedia
\n
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tel Keppe.
\n
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References

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ هل كانت تلكيف بلدة آشورية قديمة؟ Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, فؤاد يوسف قزانجي\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ \"Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP\". Assyrian Policy Institute. 2018-08-09.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ McDonald, Shalle' (2016-03-31). \"Assyrian Christians' Mideast fate tied to world powers' agendas, expert says\". JNS.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ Totiyapungprasert, Priscilla. \"'He was never afraid': Remembering the Gilbert liquor store owner who died of COVID-19\". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ Poulson, Stephen C. (2017-01-01), \"Patterns of Violence Directed against Civilians in Small Ethnic Enclaves during War in Iraq (2003–2009)\", Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, vol. 41, Emerald Publishing Limited, p. 77, doi:10.1108/S0163-786X20170000041014, ISBN 978-1-78714-191-9\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ a b c Welcome to Tel Keppe at ChaldeansOnline http://www.chaldeansonline.org/telkeppe/ Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ Coghill, Eleanor. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Telkepe. p. 235.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ Spurlock, Charles (2010). From the Tigris to the Rouge An Exploratory Study of Chaldean Gendered Ethnicity and Gender Transition. Michigan State University. Department of Sociology. p. 3.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ Zaken, Mordechai (2007). Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: a study in survival. Jewish identities in a changing world. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9. OCLC 646789877.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Ibrahim, Raymond (2015-12-30). \"Muslims \"Have Nothing Whatsoever to do with Terrorism\"\". Gatestone Institute. Retrieved 2022-10-01.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ a b Sengstock 1982, p. 139.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ \"Aiding the Assyrians Fight Against ISIS\". The Huffington Post. 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2016-05-02.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Smith-Spark, Laura; Lister, Tim (22 October 2016). \"ISIS kills hundreds in Mosul area, source says\". CNN. Retrieved 22 October 2016.\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ \"Iraqi residents flee Islamic State-held town of Tel Keyf\". YouTube. Reuters. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 12 January 2017.\n
    16. \n
  16. ^ Griffis, Margaret (19 January 2017). \"Militants Execute Civilians in Mosul; 101 Killed Across Iraq\". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017.\n
    17. \n
  17. ^ \"Christian War on Muslims? Iraqi Christian Militia Leader Threatens Sunni Arabs, Asks Them to Leave Assyrian Town\". International Business Times. 10 February 2017.\n
    18. \n
  18. ^ \"Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain\". Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-11.\n
    19. \n
  19. ^ \"Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP\". www.assyrianpolicy.org. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 2022-04-11.\n
    20. \n
  20. ^ \"Fear and Renewal; A Town is Liberated from ISIS | Free Burma Rangers\". www.freeburmarangers.org. Retrieved 2022-04-11.\n
    21. \n
  21. ^ \"Iraq's Stolen Election: How Assyrian Representation Became Assyrian...\" Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-11.\n
    22. \n
  22. ^ a b \"For Iraq's Christians, this year might be their last\". UnHerd. 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2022-04-20.\n
    23. \n
  23. ^ Poulson, Stephen C. \"Patterns of violence direct against civilians in small ethnic enclaves during war in Iraq (2003–2009)\" (PDF).\n
    24. \n
  24. ^ \"Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP\". 9 August 2018.\n
    25. \n
  25. ^ \"Death by Emigration: Two Years After ISIS, Catholics Are Still Fleeing Iraq\". 27 March 2020.\n
    26. \n
  26. ^ \"Tel Kaif, Ninawa Monthly Climate Average, Iraq\". World Weather Online. Retrieved 22 January 2017.\n
    27. \n
  27. ^ Khadduri, Majid (1956). Area Handbook on Iraq – Volume 58 of Human Relations Area Files. Johns Hopkins University. p. 76. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n
    28. \n
  28. ^ a b Smith, Natalie Jill. \"Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)\" (PhD dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. p. 61. UMI Number: 3024065.\n
    29. \n
  29. ^ Aprim, Fred (19 August 2004). \"The Town of Tel-Kepe\". Atour.\n
    30. \n
  30. ^ Smith, Natalie Jill. \"Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)\" (PhD dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. p. 62. UMI Number: 3024065.\n
    31. \n
  31. ^ \"Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area.\" (Archive) From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series. Wayne State University. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n
    32. \n
  32. ^ \"The British Betrayal of The Assyrians\" (PDF). aina.org Yusuf Malek. Retrieved 9 May 2024.\n
    33. \n
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External links

[edit]
\n\n

Bibliography

[edit]
\n
\n
\n
Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the Middle East; also known as Syriac-Arameans or Chaldeans
Identity
Syriac
Christianity
West Syriac Rite
East Syriac Rite
Neo-Aramaic
dialects
Culture
History
(including
related
contexts)
Ancient Assyria
Classical
antiquity
\n\n
Middle ages
\n\n
Modern era
By country
Homeland
(Settlements)
Diaspora
Politics
\n
Main settlements
Al-Hamdaniya District
Tel Kaif District
Shekhan District
Religious sites
Christian
Chaldean Catholic Church
Syriac Catholic Church
\n\n
Syriac Orthodox Church
Yazidis
\n\n
Archaeological sites
See also
\n
Districts of Iraq and their capitals
Anbar Governorate
\"Flag
Flag of Iraq
Babil Governorate
Baghdad Governorate
Basra Governorate
Dhi Qar Governorate
Diyala Governorate
Duhok Governorate
Erbil Governorate
Halabja Governorate
Karbala Governorate
Kirkuk Governorate
Maysan Governorate
Muthanna Governorate
Najaf Governorate
Nineveh Governorate
al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Saladin Governorate
Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Wasit Governorate
\n
Authority control databases \"Edit
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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