Understanding Assyrian identity
Assyrian historical heritage across church affiliations: religious labels and modern ethnic claims do not supply missing ancient ancestry evidence.
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA
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Browse the foundation collection, from archaeological cities to the everyday life of a living culture.
494 reading entriesResearch and preservation edition / English
Ancient Assyria
From a city on the Tigris to a major imperial power: an introduction to the places, periods and evidence.
Ashur: city, sanctuary and crossroads
The Tigris city at the heart of Assyrian political and religious life.
Merchants, caravans and clay tablets
Commercial records open a window onto travel, enterprise and family life in the Old Assyrian world.
Nimrud, ancient Kalhu
A royal capital whose architecture and sculpture shaped the visual language of Assyrian kingship.
Dur-Sharrukin and Khorsabad
Sargon II's planned royal city, known through its remains, excavations and monumental guardians.
Nineveh and the library of Ashurbanipal
Royal collections of clay tablets reveal a wider world of scholarship, copying and commentary.
Lamassu: guardians in stone
Human heads, powerful bodies and wings: the monumental figures at Assyrian palace thresholds.
Reading Assyrian palace art
Reliefs preserve extraordinary craftsmanship and carefully constructed statements about power.
Akkadian and cuneiform
A language and a writing system are different things. This distinction unlocks the ancient evidence.
Aramaic: a family of histories
A broad linguistic tradition with many historical forms and modern speaker communities.
Classical Syriac
The literary and liturgical language of a wide intellectual and religious heritage.
Sureth and North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic
Living speech, regional variation and literary practice across related communities.
Surayt, also known as Turoyo
A modern Aramaic tradition associated with Tur Abdin and its diaspora.
Syriac scripts and the written word
Estrangela, Serto and East Syriac are writing traditions with histories of use and adaptation.
Manuscripts and digital collections
A guide to finding texts, understanding catalogue records and respecting collection rights.
Ephrem: poetry and theology
A fourth-century writer whose hymns remain central to the study of Syriac literature.
Faith and the Syriac Christian traditions
Shared East Syriac origins, denominational changes and the distinction between religion and ethnic heritage.
The Assyrian Church of the East
An introduction through the church's own account of its historical and Syriac heritage.
The Chaldean Catholic Church
An East Syriac Catholic church in shared Assyrian and Church of the East history; no cited primary record establishes descent from ancient Babylonian Kaldu.
The Syriac Orthodox Church
A West Syriac Christian tradition with its own institutional and cultural heritage.
Akitu and Kha b-Nisan
New Year celebrations as a meeting place for heritage, music, food and community.
Khigga and Assyrian dance
Shared steps, regional styles and the social life of dancing together.
Kileche and the family table
Food offers a way into family memory, celebration and everyday cultural knowledge.
Music, voice and cultural memory
Songs and performances connect language, public life and personal experience.
Evin Agassi: a community remembers
A starting point for documenting an influential musical voice through community testimony.
Oral histories: voices worth preserving
Personal testimony brings migration, language and everyday life into the historical record.
Assyrian life in Australia
Migration stories, language education and community institutions offer a grounded introduction.
Assyrian Australian Association
A community institution whose history illustrates the work of cultural and settlement support.
Simele, 1933
An introduction to the massacre, its remembrance and the need for careful historical documentation.
Sayfo and the First World War
A research entry on mass violence against Assyrian, Syriac and Chaldean Christian communities.
Keeping living languages audible
Documentation, teaching and everyday use each play a role in language continuity.
How to research Assyrian history
A practical path from an interesting claim to evidence that another reader can check.
Caring for cultural heritage
Documentation is a responsibility to objects, places and the people connected to them.
Tur Abdin: language and a monastic landscape
A limestone plateau in southeastern Turkey with a distinctive place in Syriac Christian history.
Urmia: language, printing and community
A northwestern Iranian city whose schools, presses and speech belong in the modern cultural story.
The Nineveh Plain
A region of living communities, language and religious heritage, distinct from the ancient city of Nineveh.
Across borders: the diaspora
Migration creates new cultural centres while preserving, adapting and sometimes interrupting connections to earlier homes.
From manuscript to printing press
Type, publishing and later digital tools changed how Syriac and Neo-Aramaic texts could circulate.
Edessa, Urhay and Urfa
A city of trade, political change and literary importance in the development of Syriac.
Ashurnasirpal II: rebuilding Kalhu
A ninth-century ruler whose campaigns, palace building and inscriptions reshaped the Assyrian royal landscape.
Shalmaneser III and the western campaigns
Campaigning, inscriptions and the changing relationships between Assyria and western kingdoms in the ninth century BCE.
Tiglath-pileser III: empire and provinces
A ruler whose campaigns and administrative changes transformed Assyrian relations with neighbouring states.
Shalmaneser V and the Samaria question
A short reign, a contested succession and the care required when discussing Samaria's fall.
Sargon II: king, campaigns and a new capital
A ruler known from royal inscriptions, Khorsabad archaeology and the single explicit Sargon reference in Isaiah.
Sennacherib: Nineveh and Judah
Palace building, the campaign against Judah and the distinct testimony of biblical and Assyrian records.
Esarhaddon: succession and Egypt
From the murder of Sennacherib to the campaigns in Egypt and the question of royal succession.
Ashurbanipal: king and the tablet collections
Political power and scholarly collecting at Nineveh during the later Neo-Assyrian empire.
Running the Neo-Assyrian empire
Governors, provinces, royal correspondence and the institutions behind military power.
Deportation and resettlement in Assyria
State-directed migration, displacement, labour and the difficult evidence of imperial population policies.
Religion, temples and kingship in ancient Assyria
The city and deity Ashur, temple institutions and the limits of reconstructing ancient belief from elite texts.
Languages and writing across the Assyrian empire
Assyrian Akkadian, Aramaic, royal inscriptions and the multilingual world of administration.
The fall of Nineveh and the end of Assyrian imperial rule
The late seventh-century collapse, its historical sources and the difference between political defeat and cultural disappearance.
After the empire: Assyria's changing regions
Political change after the fall of the Assyrian state and the evidence needed to discuss later communities responsibly.
Reading Assyrian cuneiform responsibly
How an ancient tablet becomes a catalogue record, sign transcription, linguistic interpretation and historical argument.
Estrangela, Serto and East Syriac hands
Three connected manuscript traditions with changing letterforms, regional usage and imperfect boundaries.
Syriac letters, direction and digital text
A source-anchored primer for identifying Syriac Unicode letters without inventing pronunciations or manuscript forms.
Listening across North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects
Why Urmi, Alqosh and Ankawa belong to distinct documented speech communities rather than one generic accent.
Urmi: recording a living Neo-Aramaic variety
Fieldwork-based listening and language history around the Urmia region and its diasporas.
Surayt and Turoyo: learning and documentation
A careful entryway into the language of Tur Abdin and its diaspora, distinct from North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic.
How to document a Syriac manuscript
From a manuscript shelfmark to a reproducible historical citation with transparent rights and dating.
Preserving living Assyrian language with consent
Language heritage documentation that protects speakers, dialect specificity and future re-use rights.
Interviewing Assyrian families and elders
Preparing a respectful oral history, documenting its context and protecting the narrator's right to decide what happens next.
Researching Assyrian villages and place names
A method for building village entries with dated maps, variant names and community testimony instead of one unqualified place label.
Migration memories in the Assyrian diaspora
Reading individual journeys alongside community institutions while keeping geography, date, language and recollection distinct.
Songs, recipes, photographs and inherited objects
How to document Assyrian cultural practice without assuming one family's custom is universal or that a public recording is free to reuse.
Consent, access and rights for heritage material
A practical distinction between documenting a story privately, making it available for research and authorising public reuse.
Community voices on radio and local media
Publicly catalogued broadcasting can document language, festivals and cultural adaptation while retaining the publisher's rights.
The Black Obelisk and Jehu of Israel
Read the named Jehu tribute on Shalmaneser III's monument alongside the biblical record of Jehu's accession.
Sennacherib's prism and the biblical Hezekiah
An object-level guide to royal annals, Hezekiah's tribute, Jerusalem and the differences in source perspective.
Lachish: war pictured on Sennacherib's walls
From physical museum panels to the biblical campaign, distinguishing royal imagery from the experiences of displaced people.
Sargon II, Ashdod and Isaiah 20
A closely bounded comparison between a named biblical king, an official at Ashdod and Assyrian royal annals.
Samaria: Shalmaneser V, Sargon II and the biblical chronology
Why a connected scriptural account and multiple Assyrian reigns must not be compressed into one unqualified conquest story.
Deportation in Kings, Chronicles and imperial records
What biblical exile notices say, what Assyrian state policy explains and which human experiences the sources cannot recover.
BM 21901: the Babylonian Chronicle and Nineveh's fall
A particular cuneiform tablet brings the 612 BCE destruction into historical focus without collapsing Nahum into a court chronicle.
How to compare Scripture, inscriptions and royal art
A worked research protocol for handling dates, translation, ancient source genres and agreement without inventing certainty.
The Middle Assyrian world beyond its kings
How Assyria grew from its Tigris heartland into a territorial kingdom, and how farming, families and provincial offices sustained it.
Provincial offices and Dūr-Katlimmu
How Dur-Katlimmu's officials managed western Assyria through correspondence, agricultural accounts and sealed documents.
Women, status and the Middle Assyrian Laws
Who could veil, how marriage affected status and inheritance, what penalties the laws prescribed, and how women acted in contracts and household affairs.
Households, property and inheritance
Marriage, inheritance shares, loans and the people who made a Middle Assyrian household an economic and legal institution.
Fields, irrigation and livestock
The crops, herds, water systems and seasonal obligations that sustained farming around Dur-Katlimmu and the lower Habur.
Workers, rations and compulsory service
Named receipts show how food, footwear, temple work and compulsory obligations connected people to Middle Assyrian institutions.
Scribes, seals and the making of archives
How Middle Assyrian scribes recorded quantities, dated transactions, protected tablets and used seals to identify authority.
Temples, ritual texts and sacred institutions
Ashur's sacred kingship, temple labour, offerings and a provincial letter that connects medicine with divination.
Movement, exchange and regional connections
Letters, flour transfers, sealed records and palace supplies reveal how people and goods connected Middle Assyrian settlements.
KAJ 247: workers and a temple account
A Middle Assyrian tablet names a group of workers, a temple setting and an uncertain administrative receipt.
MARV 10, 07: palace footwear and a hostage
An object-specific account of palace footwear, custody and a person called a hostage, with a disputed journey context.
KAJ 233: barley for a service horse
A single dated barley receipt links horses, service obligations and an administrative recipient.
MARV 1, 12: ten days of guard rations
A sealed Middle Assyrian receipt records a barley allocation to several named groups guarding the inner city.
KAJ 144: lead and a house transaction
A Middle Assyrian legal-administrative tablet links lead, household property, named parties and a seal.
Billa 30: barley obligations at Shibaniba
A receipt from Tell Billa shows provincial barley recording, witnesses and gaps in the names and legal reading.
KAJ 118: forty sacks of palace straw
A named receipt involving palace straw, storehouse responsibility and multiple recipients at Aššur.
The Met 62.85.3: a sealed administrative tablet
A Middle Assyrian museum object catalogued with two cylinder-seal impressions, without claiming to translate unread lines.
BM 21901: the Chronicle of Nineveh's fall
A later Babylonian copy records the events of 616-609 BCE, including Nineveh's fall, alongside distinct prophetic passages.
How to read a cuneiform transliteration
A practical guide to edited sign sequences, normalized forms, translation choices and the visible uncertainties in ancient tablets.
Chaldean: church designation and shared Assyrian heritage
Evidence assessment of shared Assyrian and Church of the East inheritance, ecclesiastical Chaldean naming, and the absence of a demonstrated ancient Kaldu descent chain.
Asshur, Nimrod and the earliest biblical geography
Assyria in Genesis, the Table of Nations and Balaam's oracles.
Pul, Menahem and tribute to Assyria
The payment recorded in 2 Kings 15 and the deportation memory of 1 Chronicles 5.
Tiglath Pileser, Ahaz and the fall of Damascus
Campaigns, deportation and Judah's appeal to the Assyrian king.
Shalmaneser, Hoshea and the fall of Samaria
The siege, captivity and explanation preserved in Kings.
Deportation, resettlement and life under Assyrian rule
The places and communities named in Kings, Chronicles and Ezra.
Sargon and the sign against Egypt and Cush
Isaiah 20 names an Assyrian king and the capture of Ashdod.
Sennacherib invades Judah
The fortified cities, Lachish, tribute and the approach to Jerusalem.
Rabshakeh, diplomacy and the language of Jerusalem
Officials, public speeches and the request to speak in Aramaic.
Hezekiah's prayer and Jerusalem's deliverance
The biblical account of prayer, Isaiah's response and the defeat of Sennacherib's army.
Esar Haddon and the death of Sennacherib
Succession at Nineveh and a later reference to settlement in Samaria.
Manasseh taken by the commanders of Assyria
The captivity, repentance and restoration recorded in 2 Chronicles 33.
Jonah, Nineveh and God's compassion
The mission, repentance and final question at the heart of the book of Jonah.
Nahum and the oracle concerning Nineveh
The prophetic book's language of judgement, violence and the fall of a city.
Assyria in Isaiah: power, judgement and trust
Isaiah's account of Assyria as an instrument of judgement whose pride is also judged.
Assyria, the work of God's hands
Isaiah 19:23-25 and the vision of blessing shared with Egypt and Israel.
Assyria in Hosea: alliances, exile and return
The prophetic critique of seeking security in Assyria and the promises of restoration.
Assyria in Ezekiel: alliances and the great cedar
The imagery of Ezekiel 23, 31 and 32.
Assyria and the land of Nimrod in Micah
Threat, deliverance and gathering in Micah 5 and 7.
Zephaniah and Nineveh's desolation
The judgement oracle in Zephaniah 2:13-15.
Assyria in prophetic warnings, lament and prayer
Jeremiah, Lamentations, Psalms, Nehemiah, Amos and Zechariah.
The king of Assyria in Ezra's later setting
Assyrian settlement memories and the wording of Ezra 6:22.
The Ninevites in the words of Jesus
Matthew 12 and Luke 11 recall Jonah and the repentance of Nineveh.
Tobit: exile, Nineveh and faithfulness
An account of a displaced household under Assyrian rulers, with all fourteen chapters available locally.
Judith, Holofernes and the Assyrian army
The biblical narrative, its named rulers and the question of historical setting.
Assyria remembered in the additional books
Sirach, Maccabees and Esdras preserve further Assyrian references.
How to read the biblical references
Primary text, translation, chronology and transparent interpretation.
Assyria
Assyria[c] was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed from the 21st to the 7th century BC which conquered and administered most of West Asia from the Assyrian heartland in Upper Mesopotamia.[4] Assyria is called the first true military superpower in human history, and pioneered major inventions and...
Old Assyrian period
The Old Assyrian period was the second stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of the city of Assur from its rise as an independent city-state under Puzur-Ashur I c. 2025 BC[c] to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state after the accession of Ashur-uballit I c....
Middle Assyrian Empire
The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I c. 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom[1] to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.[a] The Middle Assyrian Empire was...
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire[b] was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history. Beginning with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BCE,[17][c] the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew to dominate the ancient Near East and parts of the South Caucasus, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean throughout much of...
Assyriology
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia), also known as Cuneiform studies or Ancient Near East studies,[1][2] is the archaeological, anthropological, historical, and linguistic study of the cultures that used cuneiform writing. The field covers Pre Dynastic Mesopotamia, Sumer, the early Sumero-Akkadian city-states, the Akkadian Empire, Ebla,...
Assyrian law
Assyrian law, also known as the Middle Assyrian Laws (MAL) or the Code of the Assyrians, was an ancient legal code developed between 1450 and 1250 BCE in the Middle Assyrian Empire.[1]: 272 It was very similar to Sumerian and Babylonian law,[2] although the penalties for offenses were...
Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire arose in the 10th century BC. Ashurnasirpal II is credited for utilizing sound strategy in his wars of conquest. While aiming to secure defensible frontiers, he would launch raids further inland against his opponents as a means of securing economic benefit,[3] as he did when...
Library of Ashurbanipal
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, named after Ashurbanipal, the last great king of the Assyrian Empire, is a collection of more than 30,000 clay tablets and fragments containing texts of all kinds and in various languages from the 7th century BCE. Among its holdings was the famous Epic...
Sayfo
The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass killing and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.
Simele massacre
The Simele massacre (Syriac: ܦܪܲܡܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܡܹܠܹܐ, romanized: Premta d'Simele, Arabic: مذبحة سميل, romanized: maḏbaḥat Simīl), also known as the Assyrian affair,[9] was a massacre committed by the Kingdom of Iraq under the leadership of Kurdish army general Bakr Sidqi. The massacre was committed in August 1933 against the...
Aramaic
Aramaic[a] is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, Sinai, southeastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Arabia,[2][3] where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties[4] for over 3,000 years.
Akkadian language
Akkadian (/əˈkeɪdiən/ ə-KAY-dee-ən; Akkadian: 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑(𒌝), romanized: Akkadû(m))[7][8][9][10] is an East Semitic language that is attested in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa, Babylonia) from the mid-third millennium BC until its gradual replacement in common use by Old Aramaic among Mesopotamians by the 8th century BC.
Cuneiform
Cuneiform[note 1] is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the ancient Near East.[3] The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the 1st century BC.[4] Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin:...
Syriac language
The Syriac language (/ˈsɪr.i.æk/, SIRR-ee-ak; Classical Syriac: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, romanized: Leššānā Suryāyā),[a] also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect based on the Aramaic dialect of Edessa.[5][6][7] Classical Syriac...
Suret language
Suret (Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܬ, pronounced [ˈsuːrɪtʰ], [ˈsuːrɪθ]), also known as Assyrian,[6] is any of several varieties of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) spoken by the modern Assyrian people.[7][8][9] The various NENA dialects descend from Old Aramaic, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Assyrian Empire, which slowly displaced and...
Turoyo language
Turoyo (Turoyo: ܛܘܪܝܐ), also referred to as Surayt (Turoyo: ܣܘܪܝܬ), or modern Suryoyo (Turoyo: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ), is a Central Neo-Aramaic language traditionally spoken by the Syriac Christian community in the Tur Abdin region located in southeastern Turkey and in northeastern Syria.[5] Turoyo speakers are mostly adherents of the Syriac...
Syriac alphabet
The Syriac alphabet (ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ʾālep̄ bêṯ Sūryāyā[a]) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century.[1] It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet,[2] and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic...
Syriac literature
Syriac literature is the body of writing in Syriac, a literary dialect of Aramaic that developed around Edessa in northern Mesopotamia. In its narrower sense, the term refers to literature in Classical Syriac, the learned and liturgical language of several eastern Christian traditions. In a broader sense, it...
Peshitta
The Peshitta (Classical Syriac: ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐ or ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ pšīṭta) is the standard Syriac edition of the Bible for the Syriac churches and traditions that follow the liturgy of the Syriac rites. It is considered one of the most well-known creations in Syriac literature.
Assyrian culture
Assyrian culture is not only distinct in that it is different from the neighboring ethnic groups of the Assyrian homeland, but that many of its unique traits trace back to their ancient heritage in Mesopotamia. Many Assyrians (estimates of fluent speakers range from 500,000) still speak, read and...
Assyrian folk dance
Assyrian folk dances are sets of dances that are performed throughout the world by Assyrians, mostly on occasions such as weddings, community parties and other jubilant events.[1]
Khigga
Khigga is a style of Assyrian folk dance in which multiple dancers hold each other's hands and form a semi-circle or a curved line. There are multiple foot patterns that dancers perform. Its thought to have been danced for thousands of years. It is one of the most...
Assyrian music
Assyrian music may refer to: Music of Mesopotamia, is a music in ancient Assyria Assyrian folk/pop music Syriac sacral music, sacral music in Syriac Christianity See also Syriac music (disambiguation)
Assyrian cuisine
Assyrian cuisine is the cuisine of the indigenous Assyrian people, Eastern Aramaic-speaking Syriac Christians of Iraq,[1] northeastern Syria, northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine, as well as being very similar to other Middle Eastern and Caucasian cuisines, as well as Greek...
Kha b-Nisan
Kha b-Nisan, Ha b-Nisin,[1] or Ha b-Nison (Syriac: ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ, "First of April"), also known as Resha d-Sheta (Syriac: ܪܫܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ, "Head of the year"), Akitu (ܐܟܝܬܘ), or Assyrian New Year,[2] is the spring festival among the indigenous Assyrians of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwestern...
Assyrian flag
The Assyrian flag (Syriac: ܐܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ ;ܐܬܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ) is the ethnic flag of the Assyrian people. The flag was first designed by George Bit Atanous in 1968,[1] and was adopted in 1971 during a gathering of Assyrian organizations. The Assyrian Universal Alliance, Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization,...
Lamassu
Lama, Lamma, or Lamassu (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒆗, an.kal; Sumerian: dlammař; later in Akkadian: lamassu; sometimes called a lamassuse)[1][2] is a Mesopotamian protective deity.[3]
Kleicha
Kleicha (Persian: کلوچه, romanized: koluche; North Mesopotamian Arabic: كليچة, romanized: klēči, Mesopotamian Arabic: كليچة, romanized: kilēča; Najdi Arabic: كليجة, romanized: k(i)lēja; Syriac: ܟܠܫ̮ܵܐ, romanized: kleča;[2] Kurmanji Kurdish: kade; Sorani Kurdish: کادە, romanized: kāda; Turkish: kiliçe) is a type of Middle Eastern cookie.
Church of the East
The Church of the East (Classical Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā) or the East Syriac Church,[13] (also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon,[14] the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church,[12][15][16] or the Nestorian Church[note 2]) is one of three major branches of Eastern Nicene Christianity that arose...
Assyrian Church of the East
The Assyrian Church of the East[e] (ACOE), sometimes called the Church of the East[20][21] and officially known as the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East,[20][22][f] is an East Syriac Christian church that follows and descends from the theology and ecclesiology of the historic Church of the...
Ancient Church of the East
The Ancient Church of the East (ACE) is an East Syriac Christian denomination based in Baghdad and is composed largely of ethnic Assyrians. It separated from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964 to establish an independent ecclesial communion, and is one of the churches that descend...
Chaldean Catholic Church
The Chaldean Catholic Church (Classical Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ, ʿĒdtā Kalḏāytā Qāṯōlīqāytā; Arabic: الكنيسة الكلدانية, al-Kanīsa al-Kaldāniyya; Latin: Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica) is an Eastern Catholic particular church (sui iuris) descended from the historic Church of the East. It is in full communion with the Holy See and the...
Syriac Orthodox Church
The Syriac Orthodox Church[a] (Classical Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ, romanized: ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣāth Šubḥō),[17] also informally known as the Jacobite Church,[18] is an Oriental Orthodox church that traces back to the ancient Church of Antioch. The church currently has around 1.5 million followers worldwide.[10][11][12][13] The church upholds...
Syriac Catholic Church
The Syriac Catholic Church[a] is an Eastern Catholic sui iuris (self-governing) particular church that is in full communion with the Holy See and with the entirety of the Catholic Church.[5] Originating in the Levant, it uses the West Syriac Rite liturgy and has many practices and rites in...
East Syriac Rite
The East Syriac Rite, or East Syrian Rite (also called the Edessan Rite, Assyrian Rite, Persian Rite, Chaldean Rite, Nestorian Rite, Babylonian Rite or Syro-Oriental Rite), is an Eastern Christian liturgical rite that employs the Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari and utilizes the East Syriac dialect...
West Syriac Rite
The West Syriac Rite, also called the Syriac-Antiochian Rite and the West Syrian Rite,[1] is an Eastern Christian liturgical rite that employs the Divine Liturgy of Saint James in the West Syriac dialect. It is practiced in the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church and the Malankara...
Ephrem the Syrian
Ephrem the Syrian[a] (/ˈiːfrəm, ˈɛfrəm/; c. 306 - 373), also known as Ephraem the Deacon, Ephrem of Edessa or Aprem of Nisibis (Syriac: ܡܪܳܝ ܐܰܦܪܶܝܡ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ, romanized: Mār Aphrêm Suryāyā or Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܪܒܐ, romanized: Mār Aphrêm Rabbā) was a prominent Christian theologian and writer who is...
Isaac the Syrian
Isḥaq of Nineveh (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܝܣܚܩ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ, romanized: mār isḥāq d-ninwē; Arabic: إسحاق النينوي Ishaq an-Naynuwī; c. 613 - c. 700), also remembered as Saint Isaac the Syrian (Ancient Greek: Ἰσαὰκ ὁ Σύρος),[4][5] Isaac of Nineveh, Abba Isaac, Isaac Syrus and Isaac of Qatar,[6] was a 7th-century Syriac...
Aphrahat
Aphrahat (c. 280-c. 345; Syriac: ܐܦܪܗܛ, Ap̄rahaṭ, Persian: فرهاد, Arabic: أفراهاط الحكيم, Ancient Greek: Ἀφραάτης, and Latin Aphraates), venerated as Saint Aphrahat the Persian, was a third-century Syriac Christian author of Iranian descent from the Sasanian Empire, who composed a series of twenty-three expositions or homilies on points...
Jacob of Serugh
Jacob of Serugh (Syriac: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܕܣܪܘܓ, romanized: Yaʿquḇ daSruḡ, Classical Syriac pronunciation: [ˌjaˤˈquβ das'ruɣ]; Latin: Iacobus Sarugiensis; c. 452-521), also called Jacob of Sarug or Mar Jacob (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized: Mār Yaʿquḇ),[1] was one of the foremost poets and theologians of the Syriac Christian tradition and authors...
Barhebraeus
Gregory Barhebraeus or Bar Hebraeus (Syriac: ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ, romanised: Grīgōrīyōs bar ʿEbrāyā; 1226 - 30 July 1286), also known as Abu al-Faraj and in Latin, Abulpharagius, was the maphrian Catholicos of the East (regional primate) of the Catholicate of the East under the Syriac Orthodox Church from...
Assur
Aššur,[a] also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was the capital of the Middle Assyrian Empire for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-609 BC) and a semi-independent state during the Parthian Empire between the 2nd century BC and mid 3rd century AD. The remains of the city...
Nineveh
Nineveh[a] was an ancient Near Eastern city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River and was the capital and largest city of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and potentially the wealthiest city in...
Nimrud
Nimrud (/nɪmˈruːd/; Syriac: ܢܢܡܪܕ Arabic: النمرود) is an ancient Assyrian city (original Assyrian name Kalḫu, biblical name Calah) located in Iraq, 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of the city of Mosul, and 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the village of Selamiyah (Arabic: السلامية), in the Nineveh Plains...
Dur-Sharrukin
Dur-Sharrukin (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒂦𒈗𒁺, romanized: Dūr Šarru-kīn, "Fortress of Sargon"; Arabic: دور شروكين, Syriac: ܕܘܪ ܫܪܘ ܘܟܢ), present day Khorsabad, was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. Khorsabad is a village in northern Iraq, 15 km northeast of Mosul. The great city was...
Tur Abdin
Tur Abdin (Arabic: طور عبدين; Kurdish: Tor;[1] Latin: Turabdium; Syriac: ܛܽܘܪ ܥܰܒ݂ܕܺܝܢ or ܛܘܼܪ ܥܲܒ݂ܕܝܼܢ, Ṭūr ʿAḇdīn[2]) is a hilly region situated in southeastern Turkey, including the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria and famed since Late...
Urmia
Urmia (Persian: ارومیه; pronounced [oɾumiˈje] ⓘ)[a] is the largest city in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. In the Central District of Urmia County, it is capital of the province, the county, and the district.[7] The city is situated near the borders of Iran with Turkey and Iraq.[8]
Edessa
Edessa (/əˈdɛsə/; Ancient Greek: Ἔδεσσα, romanized: Édessa) was an ancient city (polis) in Upper Mesopotamia, in what is now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey. It was founded during the Hellenistic period by Macedonian general and self proclaimed king Seleucus I Nicator (r. 305-281 BC), founder of the Seleucid Empire....
Alqosh
Alqosh (Syriac: ܐܲܠܩܘܿܫ,[4][5][6] Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אלקוש, Arabic: ألقوش,[1] alternatively spelled Alkosh, Alqoš, or Alqush) is a town in the Nineveh Plains of northern Iraq, a sub-district of the Tel Keppe District situated 45 km north of the city of Mosul.
Ankawa
Ankawa (Arabic: عنكاوا, romanized: Ankāwā;[1] Kurdish: عەنکاوە, romanized: Enkawe,[2][3] Syriac: ܥܲܢܟܵܒ̣ܵܐ) is a suburb and neighborhood of Erbil in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.[4] It is located 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of downtown Erbil. The suburb is predominantly populated by Christian Assyrians, most of whom adhere to the Chaldean...
Qaraqosh
Qaraqosh (Syriac: ܩܪܩܘ݂ܫ, romanized: Qaraqoš; Arabic: بغديدا, romanized: Baḡdīda (official name), or Arabic: بخديدا, romanized: Baḵdīda, also known as al-Ḥamdāniyya or Qara-Qūš; a Turkic placename meaning "Black Bird") is a city in the Nineveh Governorate, of Iraq located about 32 kilometres (20 mi) southeast of the city of...
Bartella
Bartella (Syriac: ܒܪܛܠܐ;[1] Arabic: برطلّة) is a town that is located in the Nineveh Plains in northern Iraq, about 21 kilometres (13 miles) east of Mosul.
Tel Keppe
Tel Keppe (Syriac: ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ, Arabic: تل كيف, romanized: Tall Kayf, alternatively spelled Tel Kaif, Tilkepe, or Telkef) is a Chaldean Catholic Assyrian populated town in northern Iraq.[2][3][4][5] It is located in the Tel Keppe District of the Nineveh Governorate, less than 8 mi (13 km) northeast of...
Hakkari
Hakkari or Hakkâri may refer to: Hakkari (historical region), a historical region in modern-day Turkey and Iraq Hakkâri (city), a city and the capital of Hakkâri Province, Turkey Hakkâri Province, a province in southeast Turkey Hakkâri District, district in Hakkâri Province Hakkari (electoral district), an electoral district Grand...
Midyat
Midyat (Syriac: ܡܕܝܕ, romanized: Mëḏyaḏ,[2] Kurdish: Midyad,[3] Arabic: مديات) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.[4] Its area is 1,241 km2,[5] and its population is 120,069 (2022).[1]
Mardin
Mardin (Kurdish: مێردین, romanized: Mêrdîn;[2] Arabic: ماردين, romanized: Mārdīn; Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ, romanized: Mardīn;[3][4] Armenian: Մարդին) is a city and seat of the Artuklu District of Mardin Province in Turkey.[5] It is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky...
Nusaybin
Nusaybin (pronounced [nuˈsajbin], Kurdish: Nisêbîn) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 1,079 km2,[3] and its population is 115,586 (2022).[1] The city is populated by Kurds of different tribal affiliation.[4]
Mor Gabriel Monastery
The Monastery of Saint Gabriel (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ; Dayro d-Mor Gabriel),[1] also known as Monastery of Qartmin, Deir el-ʿUmr,[2] Deyrulumur, and in Turkish, Mor Gabriel Manastırı, is a Syriac Orthodox monastery located near Midyat in the Tur Abdin region of southeastern Turkey. Founded in 397 AD by...
Mor Mattai Monastery
Dayro d-Mor Mattai (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܡܬܝ; Arabic: دير مار متى; The Monastery of St. Matthew or Dayro d-Mor Mattai)[1] is a Syriac Orthodox Church monastery on Mount Alfaf in northern Iraq. Located 20 kilometers northeast of the city of Mosul, it is recognized as one of the...
Rabban Hormizd Monastery
Rabban Hormizd Monastery (Syriac: ܪܒܢ ܗܘܪܡܝܙܕ ܥܓ̰ܡܝܐ)[1] is an important convent to the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church, founded about 640 AD by the Church of the East, carved out in the mountains about 2 miles from Alqosh, Iraq, 28 miles north of...
Assyrians
Assyrians (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, romanized: Sūrāyē / Sūrōyē) are a distinct ethnic group native to Mesopotamia with roots in ancient Assyria. They speak varieties of Neo-Aramaic, a branch of the Semitic language family, and largely adhere to Syriac Christianity. The Assyrian homeland lies in northern Mesopotamia, encompassing areas along...
Assyrian diaspora
The Assyrian diaspora (Syriac: ܓܠܘܬܐ, romanized: Galuta, lit. 'exile') refers to ethnic Assyrians living in communities outside their ancestral homeland. The Eastern Aramaic-speaking Assyrians claim descent from the ancient Assyrians and are one of the few ancient Semitic ethnicities in the Near East who resisted Arabization, Turkification, Persianization...
Assyrians in Iraq
Iraqi Assyrians (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ, Arabic: آشوريو العراق, Kurdish: ئاشوورییەکانی عێراق) are an ethnic and linguistic minority group, indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia. They are defined as Assyrians residing in the country of Iraq, or members of the Assyrian diaspora who are of Iraqi-Assyrian heritage. They share a common...
Assyrians in Iran
Assyrians in Iran (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܝܼܪܵܢ; Persian: آشوریان ایران), or Iranian Assyrians, are an ethnic and linguistic minority in present-day Iran. The Assyrians of Iran speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, a neo-Aramaic language descended from the eastern dialects of the old Aramaic language with elements of Akkadian, and are Eastern...
Assyrians in Syria
Assyrians in Syria (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ, Arabic: الآشوريون في سوريا) are an ethnic and linguistic minority indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia, the north-eastern half of Syria. Syrian-Assyrians are people of Assyrian descent living in Syria, and those in the Assyrian diaspora who are of Syrian-Assyrian heritage.
Assyrians in Turkey
Assyrians in Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Süryanileri, Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or Turkish Assyrians are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and a minority of Turkey, who are Eastern Aramaic-speaking Christians, with most being members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, or Ancient...
Assyrian Australians
Assyrian Australians (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܘܼܣܛܪܵܠܝܼܵܐ, romanized: Sūryāyē d-Ūstrāliyā) are ethnic Assyrians or people of Assyrian descent possessing Australian nationality. According to the most recent census, 40,218 persons are Assyrian, while 21,166 identified themselves as having Chaldean ancestry.[2] The majority of Assyrian Australians have immigrated from Iraq, Iran, Syria,...
Assyrians in Sweden
Assyrians in Sweden (Swedish: Assyrier i Sverige), or Swedish Assyrians, are Assyrians or people of Assyrian descent living in Sweden. Between 2018 and 2020, it was estimated there were approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Assyrians living in Sweden.[3][4]
Assyrians in Germany
Assyrians in Germany (German: Assyrer in Deutschland; Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܠܡܢ), also known as German Assyrians (German: Deutsch Assyrer), are Germans of Assyrian descent or Assyrians who have German citizenship. The Assyrians in Germany mainly came from Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria.[2]
Assyrian Americans
Assyrian Americans, (Syriac: ܣܘܼܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܐܲܡܪ̈ܝܼܟܵܝܹܐ) or otherwise known as Chaldean or Syriac Americans are individuals of ethnic Assyrian ancestry born or residing within the United States. Assyrians are an ethnic group native to Mesopotamia in West Asia who descend from their ancient counterparts, directly originating from the ancient...
Assyrian Canadians
Assyrian Canadians (French: Canadiens Assyriens) are Canadians of Assyrian descent or Assyrians who have Canadian citizenship. According to the 2011 census, there were 10,810 Canadians who claimed Assyrian ancestry,[2] an increase compared to the 8,650 in the 2006 Census.[3]
Assyrians in Armenia
Assyrians in Armenia (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܪܡܢܝܐ, Armenian: Ասորիները Հայաստանում, romanized: Asorinery Hayastanum), or Armenian Assyrians, are Assyrian people or people of Assyrian descent living in Armenia. The origins of Armenia's Assyrian community traces back to the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay, creating the...
Assyrians in Georgia
Assyrians in Georgia (Georgian: ასურელები) number 2,377 (as of 2014), and most arrived in the Southern Caucasus in early 20th century when their ancestors fled present-day Turkey and Iran during the Assyrian genocide.
Naum Faiq
Naum Elias Yaqub Palakh (February 1868 - February 5, 1930), better known as Naum Faiq (Syriac: ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ, Naˁum Fayëq), was an Assyrian poet, journalist, and teacher, remembered as one of the founding fathers of modern Assyrian nationalism during the early 20th century.[1][2] He was a teacher and...
Freydun Atturaya
Freydun Bet-Abram[1][a] (Syriac: ܦ̮ܪܝܕܘܢ ܒܝܬ ܐܒܪܡ; 1891 - 2 October 1926), better known as Freydun Atturaya[b] (Syriac: ܦ̮ܪܝܕܘܢ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ), was an Assyrian national leader, politician, doctor and poet. Atturaya was one of the founders of the first Assyrian political party, the Assyrian Socialist Party, and a prominent early...
Ashur Yousif
Abraham Yousif, better known as Ashur Yousif (Yousef) or Ashur Yousif Afendi (Syriac: ܐܫܘܪ ܝܘܣܦ ܐܦܢܕܝ, romanized: Ašur Yousep Afendi) (1858 - June 23, 1915), was an Assyrian professor and intellectual prior to World War I and the Assyrian genocide. He was Protestant,[1][2][3] as was his wife Arshaluys...
Farid Nuzha
Farid Elias Nuzha (Syriac: ܦܪܝܕ ܐܠܝܐܣ ܢܙܗܝ, pronounced [fɑriːd nɑzhe]; 1895 - 1971), also spelled Farid Nazha or Farid Nozha,[1] was an Assyrian nationalist and journalist. Born in Hama to a Syriac Orthodox family in 1895, he immigrated to Argentina due to religious conflicts in his hometown. While...
Evin Agassi
Evin Agassi[a] (25 September 1945 - 17 September 2024) was an Iranian-American Assyrian singer[1][2] who had a career that spanned for over 50 years.[3] Agassi produced over 40 albums[4] during his career, with a majority of them being released in the 1980s and 1990s.[5]
Linda George
Linda or Lynda George may refer to: Linda George (Australian singer), Australian pop singer popular in the 1970s Linda George (Assyrian singer), Assyrian-American pop singer popular in the 1980s-2010s Lynda Day George, American television actress popular in the 1960s and 1970s Linda K. George (born 1947), American sociologist...
Juliana Jendo
Juliana Jendo (Syriac: ܓܘܠܝܢܐ ܓܢܕܐ; born November 30, 1956, in Tel Tamer, Syria) is a Syrian Assyrian singer and actress who, unlike many other Assyrian Neo-Aramaic-speaking artists, has occasionally recorded songs in Surayt/Turoyo and Arabic.[1] She has mostly recorded folk dance music.
Sargon Gabriel
Sargon Gabriel (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܣܪܓܘܢ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ:born 1947) is an Assyrian musician whose music style usually involves traditional Assyrian folk-pop music with the instruments, zurna and dawoola.
Ninos Aho
Ninos Aho (Classical Syriac: ܢܝܢܘܣ ܐܚܐ; April 24, 1945 - July 15, 2013), was an Assyrian poet and activist. He is recognized one of the pioneers of the modern Assyrian nationalistic movement.
Hannibal Alkhas
Hannibal Alkhas (Persian: هانیبال الخاص; June 16, 1930 - September 13, 2010) [1] was an artist of Assyrian descent from Iran. Alkhas was among the contemporary Iranian modernist painters and pioneered figurative design in modernist painting, becoming one of the most influential painters and art instructors shaping the...
Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal[a] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀, romanized: Aššur-bāni-apli,[12][b] meaning "Ashur is the creator of the heir")[3][14] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 669 BC to his death in 631. He is generally remembered as the last great king of Assyria.[8][15] Ashurbanipal inherited the throne as his father Esarhaddon‘s...
Ashurnasirpal II
Ashur-nasir-pal II (transliteration: Aššur-nāṣir-apli, meaning "Ashur is guardian of the heir"[1]) was the third king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 883 to 859 BC. Ashurnasirpal II succeeded his father, Tukulti-Ninurta II. His son and successor was Shalmaneser III and his queen was Mullissu-mukannišat-Ninua.
Sargon II
Sargon II (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒈗𒁺, romanized: Šarru-kīn, meaning "the faithful king"[2] or "the legitimate king")[3] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 722 BC to his death in battle in 705. Most likely the son of Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745-727),[4] Sargon is generally believed to have become...
Sennacherib
Sennacherib (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢, romanized: Sîn-aḫḫī-erība[3] or Sîn-aḫḫē-erība,[4] meaning "Sîn has replaced the brothers")[5][6] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the...
Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon,[5] Assarhaddon[6] and Ashurhaddon[7] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀭𒊹𒉽𒀸, also 𒀭𒊹𒉽𒋧𒈾 Aššur-aḫa-iddina,[8][9] meaning "Ashur has given me a brother";[5] Biblical Hebrew: אֵסַר־חַדֹּן ʾĒsar-Ḥaddōn) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 681 to 669 BC. The third king of the Sargonid dynasty, Esarhaddon is most famous for...
Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III[b] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏, romanized: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra,[4] meaning "my trust belongs to the son of Ešarra",[2][c] Biblical Hebrew: תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר, romanized: Tiglaṯ Pilʾeser, Old Aramaic: 𐤕𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤐𐤋𐤉𐤎𐤓, romanized: tgltplysr), sometimes called Pulu or Pul (see below), was the Neo-Assyrian emperor from 745 BC to his death in 727. One...
Shammuramat
Shammuramat (Akkadian: Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt),[4][c] also known as Sammuramat or Shamiram and Semiramis,[5] was a powerful queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Beginning her career as the primary queen consort[d] of the king Shamshi-Adad V (r. 824-811 BC), Shammuramat reached an unusually prominent position in the reign of her...
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (/ˈsɑːrɡɒn/; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi; died c. 2279 BC), also known as Sargon the Great,[3] was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.[2] He is sometimes identified as the first...
History of the Assyrians
The history of the Assyrians encompasses nearly five millennia, covering the history of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Assyria, including its territory, culture and people, as well as the later history of the Assyrian people after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 609 BC.[a] For purposes of...
Tukulti-Ninurta II
Tukulti-Ninurta II (meaning: "my trust is in [the warrior god] Ninurta") was King of Assyria from 890 BCE to 884 BCE. He was the second king of the Neo Assyrian Empire.
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 859 BC to 824 BC.[2]
Syrianska FC
Syrianska Football Club, also known as Syrianska FC or simply Syrianska,[2] is a Swedish professional football club based in Södertälje in Stockholm County. The club was founded by Syriac-Aramean immigrants in 1977 as Suryoyo Sportklubb, or Suryoyo SK. In 1986, its name was changed to Syrianska SK. The...
Jacob of Edessa
Jacob of Edessa or James of Edessa (Syriac: ܝܰܥܩܽܘܒ ܐܽܘܪܗܰܝܳܐ, romanized: Yaʿqub Urhāyā; c. 640 - 5 June 708) was a Syriac Orthodox bishop of Edessa, scholar, and translator. Renowned for his multilingual mastery,[1] he made lasting contributions to biblical revision, canon law, grammar and liturgy,[2] and played...
Ninos Khoshaba
Ninos Khoshaba (born March 24, 1970) is an Australian politician of Assyrian descent, and is a former member of Parliament of New South Wales. He was a member of Parliament from 24 March 2007 until 26 March 2011, when he lost his seat to Andrew Rohan of the...
School of Nisibis
The School of Nisibis (Syriac: ܐܣܟܘܠܐ ܕܢܨܝܒܝܢ, for a time absorbed into the School of Edessa) was an educational establishment in Nisibis (now Nusaybin, Turkey). It was an important spiritual centre of the early Church of the East, and like the Academy of Gondishapur, it is sometimes referred...
Adana massacre
The Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած; Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. Many Armenians were slain by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana as the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 triggered a series of pogroms throughout the province.[4] Between...
Christianity in Turkey
Christianity in Turkey has a long history, dating back to the early origins of Christianity in Asia Minor and the Middle East during the 1st century AD.[3] In modern times the percentage of Christians in Turkey has declined from 20 to 25% in 1914, to about 2% in...
Nuzi
Nuzi (Hurrian Nuzi/Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur) at modern Yorghan Tepe (also Yorgan Tepa and Jorgan Tepe), Iraq was an ancient Mesopotamian city 12 kilometers southwest of the city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) and 70 kilometers southwest of Sātu Qala, located near the Tigris river. It was occupied from the...
Holy Qurbana
The Holy Qurbana (Syriac: ܩܘܼܪܒܵܢܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ, Qurbānā Qaddišā in Eastern Syriac or Qurbānā Qandišā in the Indian variant of Eastern Syriac, the "Holy Offering" or "Holy Sacrifice" in English), or the Holy Raza, refers to the Eucharistic liturgy as celebrated in Syriac Christianity and the liturgical books containing...
Hirmis Aboona
Hirmis Aboona (c.1940 - 27 April 2009) was an Assyrian historian who was known for his publications concerning the history of the Assyrians in northern Iraq.
Anna Eshoo
Anna A. Eshoo (/ˈɛʃuː/ EH-shoo; née Georges; born December 13, 1942)[1] is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for California's 16th congressional district from 1993 to 2025. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Biryani
Biryani is a mixed rice dish traditionally made with spiced meat, seafood, or vegetables. It was present in Mughal-era India, though whether it was created there is debated.[1] It is thought to derive from a Persian rice dish, either pilau or birinj biryan.[1][2][3] The dish makes use of...
Diyarbakır
Diyarbakır[a] is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.[8] It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province. It is considered one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world, having been continually inhabited since c. 8,000 BCE.
Dabke
Dabke (Arabic: دبكة also spelled dabka, dabki, dubki, dabkeh, plural dabkaat)[1] is a Levantine folk dance,[2][3] particularly popular among Lebanese, Jordanian, Palestinian, and Syrian communities.[4] Dabke combines circle dance and line dancing and is widely performed at weddings and other joyous occasions. The line forms from right to...
Eugenia of Rome
Eugenia of Rome (died c AD 258) was an early Christian Roman martyr whose feast day is celebrated on December 25 in the Roman Catholic Church, on December 24 (January 6, New Style) in the Eastern Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox Church, and on January 23 in the...
Sadad, Syria
Sadad (Arabic: صدد / ALA-LC: Ṣadad) is a town in Syria, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Homs, and 101 kilometers (63 mi) northeast of Damascus, in the eastern part of the Qalamoun Mountains. It had over 3,500 inhabitants in the 2004 census, the majority of whom belonged...
Libbāli-šarrat
Libbāli-šarrat (Akkadian: Libbāli-šarrat,[3][b] meaning "the inner city [=Ishtar?] is queen")[5] was a queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the primary consort[c] of Ashurbanipal (r. 669-631 BC). Libbāli-šarrat married Ashurbanipal before he became king, probably in 672 BC, and may have lived beyond her husband's death, as documents from...
Kültepe
Kültepe (Turkish: lit. 'ash-hill'), ancient name Kaneš (Kanesh, also Kaniš/Kanish) or Neša (Nesha), was a Bronze Age (broadly, 3300-1200 BC) settlement and trading center on the Central Anatolian plateau in modern Turkey. It was a major settlement in the early 3rd millennium, and is particularly renowned for its...
Abdisho bar Berika
Abdisho bar Berika or Ebedjesu (Classical Syriac: ܥܒܕܝܫܘܥ ܕܨܘܒܐ) (died 1318), also known as Mar Odisho or St. Odisho in English, was a Syriac writer.[1]
Beth Gazo
Beth Gazo (ܒܶܝܬ̥ ܓܰܙܳܐ [bɛθ ɡɐːzo]; literary "the house of treasure") is a Syriac liturgical book that contains a collection of Syriac chants and melodies. The book is considered a reference of Syriac Hymnody and without it clerics belonging to the West Syriac Tradition cannot perform their liturgical...
Syriac sacral music
Syriac sacral music is music in the Syriac language as used in the liturgy of Syriac Christianity. Historically it is best known from and important for its part in the development of Christian sacred music
Babai the Great
Babai the Great (ܒܵܒܲܝ ܪܲܒܵܐ bābay rabbā,[1] c. 551 - 628) was an early church father of the Church of the East. He set several of the foundational pillars of the Church, revived the monastic movement, and formulated its Christology in a systematic way. He served as a...
Kashk
Kashk, kishk, (Persian: کشک kašk, Turkish: keş, Sorani Kurdish: کەشک keşk) qurut, qurt, kurut, kurt (Tuvan and Kyrgyz: курут kurut, Kazakh: құрт qūrt, Turkish: kurut, Turkmen: gurt, Azerbaijani, Tajik and Uzbek: қурут qurut, Persian: قروت), jameed (Arabic: جميد), shilanch (Balochi: شیلانچ), chortan (Armenian: չորթան chort’an), aaruul or khuruud...
Sarsing
Sarsing (Kurdish: سەرسنک, romanized: Sersink,[2][3] Syriac: ܣܪܣܢܓ)[4] is a town and sub-district in the Dohuk Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located in the Sapna valley in the Amedi District.
Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad I (Akkadian: Šamši-Adad; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu; died c. 1776 BC, ruled c. 1809-1776 BC) was an Amorite ruler of Ekallatum and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia creating the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia.[2] His capital was originally at Ekallatum and later...
Kennedy Bakircioglu
He is best remembered for his time with Hammarby, with whom he won the 2001 Allsvenskan and 2014 Superettan titles. He also represented Assyriska, Iraklis, Twente, Ajax and Racing de Santander, in a 22-year career.
Zakho
Zakho, also spelled Zaxo (Kurdish: زاخۆ, romanized: Zaxo or Zaco,[3][4] Syriac: ܙܵܟ݂ܘܿ, romanized: Zāḵō,[5] Armenian: Զախո,[6] Arabic: زاخو,[7] Lishanid Noshan: זאכו, romanized: Zāxo[8]) is a city in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, at the centre of the Zakho District of the Dohuk Governorate, located a few kilometers from the Ibrahim...
Assyrian sculpture
Assyrian sculpture is the sculpture of the ancient Assyrian states, especially the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911 to 612 BC, which was centered around the city of Assur in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) which at its height, ruled over all of Mesopotamia, the Levant and Egypt, as well as portions...
Syriac Renaissance
The Syriac Renaissance is a modern scholarly term for a revival of Syriac literary, scholarly, artistic, and ecclesiastical culture, usually dated from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. It's breadth resembles an earlier era of Syriac literature, the "Syriac Golden Age", which took place in the 3rd-7th centuries....
Sanharib Malki
Sanharib Malki Sabah (Syriac: ܣܢܚܪܝܒ ܡܠܟܝ; Arabic: سنحاريب ملكي صباح; born 1 March 1984) is a Syrian former professional footballer who played as a forward.
Assyrian International News Agency
The Assyrian International News Agency is a privately funded, independent news agency which provides news and analysis on Assyrian and Assyrian-related issues. It was founded by Peter BetBasoo and Firas Jatou in 1995.[1]
Joseph Yacoub
Joseph Yacoub (born 1944 in Hassaké or Al-Hasakah, Syria) is a historian and political scientist of Assyrian origin. His family moved from Salmas-Urmia, district in Iranian Azerbaijan and took refuge in Georgia (country of Caucasus area) during the First World War. From Tiflis/Tbilissi his family migrated to Syria...
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, also known as the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic sui iuris particular church that employs the West Syriac Rite and is in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church, possessing self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. It...
Qusta ibn Luqa
Qusta ibn Luqa (قسطا ابن لوقا, "Costas son of Luke"), also known as Costa ben Luca or Constabulus[1] (820-912) was a Melkite Christian physician, philosopher, astronomer, mathematician and translator.[2][3] He was born in Baalbek. Travelling to parts of the Byzantine Empire, he brought back Greek texts and translated...
Tesqopa
Tesqopa (Syriac: ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ, Arabic: تسقوبا) or Tel Skuf (Arabic: تللسقف, Kurdish: Tilesqof[3]), also Tel Eskof or Tall Asqaf[4] is a town in northern Iraq located approximately 19 miles (about 28 kilometres) north of Mosul. The town is populated by Assyrians and they are members of the Chaldean...
Book of the Bee
The Book of the Bee (Syriac: ܟܬܒܐ ܕܕܒܘܪܝܬܐ, romanized: Kṯāḇā ḏ-debboriṯā) is a historiographic and theological compilation, containing numerous biblical stories. It was written around 1222, by Solomon of Akhlat, who was Bishop of Basra, within the Church of the East. It is written in the Syriac language.[1][2]
John of Dalyatha
John of Dalyatha (c. 690 - c. 780), commonly known as John Saba ("the Elder") and in Syriac Yoḥannan, was a monk and mystic of the Church of the East. He spent his entire life in Upper Mesopotamia, alternating between coenobitic (community-based) and eremitic (solitary) monasticism, with a...
Kibbeh
Kibbeh (/ˈkɪbi/, also kubba and other spellings; Arabic: كبّة, romanized: kibba; Egyptian Arabic: كبيبة, romanized: kobeba) is a popular dish in the Arab world and the Levant in particular, made of spiced lean ground meat and bulgur wheat. Kibbeh is considered to be a national dish of Lebanon...
Assyrian Democratic Organization
The Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO; Syriac: ܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ; Arabic: المنظمة الآثورية الديمقراطية), also known as "Mtakasta/Mtakasto", is an Assyrian political party based in Syria. Founded in 1957, it is the oldest Assyrian political party in Syria, and was established as a national, political and democratic movement with...
Amedi
Amedi or Amadiye (Kurdish: ئامێدی, romanized: Amêdî;[1][2] Arabic: العمادية; Lishanid Noshan: עמידיא, romanized: ʿAmədya[3]) is a town in the Duhok Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.[4] It is built on a mesa in the broader Great Zab river valley.
Dionysius bar Salibi
Dionysius bar Salibi (died 1171) was a Syriac Orthodox writer and bishop, who served as metropolitan of Amid, in Upper Mesopotamia, from 1166 to 1171.[1] He was one of the most prominent and prolific writers within the Syriac Orthodox Church during the twelfth century.[2]
Theodore bar Konai
Theodore Bar Konai (Syriac: ܬܐܕܘܪܘܣ ܒܪ ܟܘܢܝ) was a distinguished Syriac exegete and apologist of the Church of the East who seems to have flourished at the end of the eighth century. His most famous work was a book of scholia on the Old and New Testaments.
Saz
Saz or SAZ may refer to: People Alberto del Saz Ismael Saz, Spanish historian Juan Alvarado y del Saz Leyla Saz (1850-1936), Turkish composer, poet and writer SAZ, or Sameh Zakout, Palestinian rap artist Places Saz, Iran, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran Saz, Kaynaşlı Other Saz style,...
Batnaya
Batnaya (Arabic: باطنايا, Syriac: ܒܛܢܝܐ)[1] is a village in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. It is located in the Tel Kaif District in the Nineveh Plains.
Davul
The Tabl, tapan, atabal or davul is a large double-headed drum that is played with mallets. It has many names depending on the country and region. These drums are commonly used in the music of West Asia and the Balkans. These drums have both a deep bass sound...
Syriac studies
Syriac studies is the study of the Syriac language and Syriac Christianity.[1] A specialist in Syriac studies is known as a Syriacist. Specifically, British, French, and German scholars of the 18th and 19th centuries who were involved in the study of Syriac/Aramaic language and literature were commonly known...
Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II...
Baklava
Baklava (/bɑːkləˈvɑː, ˈbɑːkləvɑː/ ⓘ,[1] or /bəˈklɑːvə/[2]) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with either syrup or honey.
Khabur
The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syria. Although the Khabur originates in Turkey, the karstic springs around Ras al-Ayn are the river's main source of water. Several important wadis join the Khabur north of Al-Hasakah, together creating what is known as the...
Assyrian folk-pop music
Assyrian folk/pop music, also known as Assyrian folk-pop, is the musical style of the Assyrian people derived from traditional music that includes a broad range of stylistic varieties, which would also encompass fusions of Western genres such as pop, electronic, Latin, jazz and/or classical music, with a melodic...
Church of the East in China
The Church of the East was a Christian organization with a presence in China during two periods: first from the 7th through the 10th century in the Tang dynasty and secondly during the Yuan dynasty. The Church of the East likely became extinct soon after the emergence of...
Assyrian homeland
The Assyrian homeland or Assyria (Syriac: ܐܬܘܪ, romanized: Āṯōr) is the homeland of the Assyrian people within which Assyrian civilisation developed, located in the Upper Mesopotamia of West Asia. The territory that forms the Assyrian homeland is, similarly to the rest of Mesopotamia, currently divided between present-day Iraq,...
Lake Urmia
Lake Urmia[a] is an endorheic salt lake in Iran.[7][8] The lake is located in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan, near the Armenian border and south of the Caspian Sea. At its greatest extent, it was the largest lake in West Asia. It was once the sixth-largest saltwater lake...
Old Syriac
The term Old Syriac may refer to: Old Syriac language - an early stage of the Syriac language Old Syriac alphabet - an early stage of the Syriac alphabet Old Syriac Gospels - the Old Syriac version of the New Testament, that predates the standard Peshitta version, represented...
Sharbel Touma
Sharbel Touma (born 25 March 1979) is a former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in Lebanon, he played for the Sweden national team.
Gawar
Gawar may refer to: Yüksekova, known in Syriac as Gawar, a city in Turkey Gawar language, and Afro-Asiatic language of Cameroon See also Gavar, a town in Armenia Gaur (disambiguation) Gawar-Bati language, an Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan
Syriac Alexander Legend
The Syriac Alexander Legend (Neṣḥānā d-Aleksandrōs Syriac: ܢܨܚܢܐ) is a 6th or 7th century work of Christian Syriac literature concerning the legends of Alexander the Great.
Assyrians in Austria
The Assyrian community in Austria began in 1974 when Assyrians from Diyarbakir, Midyat and Mardin in the Assyrian homeland immigrated to Vienna.[3]
School of Edessa
The School of Edessa (Syriac: ܐܣܟܘܠܐ ܕܐܘܪܗܝ) was a Christian theological school of great importance to the Syriac-speaking world. It had been founded as long ago as the 2nd century by the kings of the Abgar dynasty. In 363, Nisibis fell to the Persians in a peace treaty,...
British Assyrians
They are the indigenous population of present-day Iraq, southeast Turkey, northwestern Iran and northeast Syria, descended from the ancient Mesopotamians. They speak Syriac and are predominantly Christian.
Mount Izla
Mount Izla (Syriac: ܛܘܪ ܐܝܙܠܐ Ṭūr Īzlā' ),[1] also Mountain of Nisibis or briefly in the 9th century Mount Kashyari, is a low mountain or ridge near Nisibis in what once a part of Assyria, then Sassanid Persian province of Asoristan, but is now southeastern Turkey, along the...
Oud
The oud (/uːd/ OOD; Arabic: عُود, romanized: ʿūd, pronounced [ʕuːd])[2][3][4] is a Middle Eastern short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument[5] (a chordophone in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13...
Christianity in Iraq
Christians in Iraq are one of the oldest, continuous and significant Christian communities. The vast majority of Iraqi Christians are indigenous Assyrians who descend from the ancient Assyria, followed by Armenians then the later Arabs, and a very small minority of Kurdish, Shabaks and Iraqi Turkmen Christians. Christians...
Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), who reigned between c. 1363 and c. 1328 BC, was king of Assyria and the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire. After his father Eriba-Adad I (1390-1364 BC) had broken half a century of intermittent Hurrian-Mitanni influence over Assyria, Ashur-uballit I's defeat of...
History of Iran
The history of Iran (also known as Persia) is intertwined with Greater Iran, a region encompassing all areas that have witnessed significant settlement or influence by the Iranian peoples and Iranian languages - chiefly the Persians and the Persian language. Central to this region is the Iranian plateau,...
Qudshanis
Qudshanis[2][3] (also: Kuçanis[4] or Kochanes,[5] officially Konak,[4] Kurdish: Koçanis,[6] Syriac: ܩܘܕܫܢܝܣ, romanized: Qūdšānīs , Syriac pronunciation: [quˈt͡ʃɑ.nɪs];[7]), is a small village in the Hakkâri District of Hakkâri Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Pinyanişî tribe and population was 30 in 2023.[1][8]
Tell al-Rimah
Tell al-Rimah (also Tell ar-Rimah or Tell el-Rimah) is an archaeological settlement mound, in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, roughly 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Mosul and ancient Nineveh in the Sinjar region. It lies 15 kilometers south of the site of Tal Afar.
Hakkari (historical region)
Hakkari (Kurdish: حەکاری, Syriac: ܚܟܪܝ Ḥakkāri, or ܗܟܪܝ Hakkāri), was a historical mountainous region lying to the south of Lake Van,[1] encompassing parts of the modern provinces of Hakkâri, Şırnak, Van in Turkey and Dohuk in Iraq. During the late Ottoman Empire it was a sanjak within the...
Thea Halo
Thea Halo (born 1941) is an American writer and painter of Assyrian[1] and Pontic Greek heritage. Born in New York City, she is the 8th child of Abraham and Sano Halo (original name Euthemia "Themia", Pontic Greek: Ευθυμία).[2][3] Thea began writing poetry and short-stories in 1992 and in...
Arrapha
Arrapha or Arrapkha (Akkadian: Arrapḫa; Arabic: أررابخا ,عرفة) was an ancient Near Eastern city or kingdom in what today is northeastern Iraq, speculated to be located at city of Kirkuk.[1]
Christianity in Syria
Syria has among the oldest Christian communities on Earth, dating back to the 1st century AD, and has been described as a "cradle of Christianity".[2] With its roots in the traditions of Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle, Syria quickly became a major center of early Christianity and...
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808-873; also Hunain or Hunein; Arabic: أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; ʾAbū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq al-ʿIbādī; known in Latin as Johannitius) was an influential Iraqi[2] Arab Nestorian Christian translator, scholar, physician, and scientist. During the apex of the Islamic Abbasid era, he...
Assyriska FF
Assyriska Fotbollsföreningen, also known simply as Assyriska FF, is a Swedish football club based in Södertälje, Stockholm County. The club, formed in 1974 by Assyrian immigrants, has advanced through the league system and is currently playing in the third highest Swedish league, Division 1. They played in the...
Addai of Edessa
According to Eastern Christian tradition, Addai of Edessa (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܕܝ, Mar Addai or Mor Aday sometimes Latinized Addeus) or Thaddeus of Edessa[2] was one of the seventy disciples of Jesus.
History of Iraq
Iraq, a country located in West Asia, largely coincides with the ancient region of Mesopotamia, often referred to as the cradle of civilization. The history of Mesopotamia extends back to the Lower Paleolithic period, with significant developments continuing through the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th...
Cizre
Cizre (Turkish: [ˈdʒizɾe])[a] is a city in the Cizre District of Şırnak Province in Turkey.[16] It is located on the river Tigris by the Syria-Turkey border and close to the Iraq-Turkey border. Cizre is in the historical region of Upper Mesopotamia and the cultural region of Turkish Kurdistan.[17]...
Assyrian calendar
The Assyrian calendar (Syriac: ܣܘܼܪܓܵܕ݂ܵܐ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ, romanized: sūrgāḏā ʾĀṯōrāyā) is a solar calendar used by modern Assyrian people.
Rosie Malek-Yonan
Rosie Malek-Yonan (born July 4, 1965[1]) is an Assyrian-American[2][3][4][5] actress, author, director, public figure and activist. Malek-Yonan became a noted pianist at an early age. Having graduated from the University of Cambridge, she settled in the United States, where she pursued a career in music and dramatic arts....
Baqofah
Baqofah (Arabic: باقوفا;[2] Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܩܘܦܐ)[3][a] is a village in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. It is located in the Tel Kaif District in the Nineveh Plains.
Sanandaj
Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; pronounced [sænænˈdædʒ] ⓘ Kurdish: سنە, romanized: Senneh[4]) is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] With a population of 850,000,[6] it is the second largest Kurdish...
Salmas
Salmas (Persian: سلماس)[a] is a city in the Central District of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[6]
Ain Sifni
Ain Sifni (Arabic: عين سفني,[2] Kurdish: ئێسفنێ, romanized: Êsivnê,[3][4] Syriac: ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢ̈ܐ, romanized: ʿAïn Sappāné)[5][a] also known as Shekhan (Kurdish: شێخان, romanized: Şêxan),[b][11] is a town and subdistrict in the Shekhan District of the Nineveh Plains, within the Nineveh Governorate of northern Iraq. Ain Sifni is largely populated...
Sharafiya
Sharafiya (Syriac: ܫܲܪܦ̮ܝܼܵܐ, romanized: šarfīyā, Arabic: شرفية, romanized: šarafiyya, Kurdish: شەرەفیە, romanized: şerefye) is a village in the Nineveh Plains of northern Iraq, a sub-district of the Tel Kaif District situated 40 km northwest of the city of Mosul and is on the main road that connects Mosul...
Miaphysitism
Miaphysitism (/maɪˈæfɪsaɪtɪzəm, miː-/)[1] is the Christological doctrine that holds Jesus, the Incarnate Word, is fully divine and fully human, in one nature or physis (Ancient Greek: φύσις).[2] It is the position held by the Oriental Orthodox Churches. It differs from the dyophysitism of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox...
Sapna valley
Sapna Valley (Kurdish: ڕووباری سپنه, romanized: Rîbarê Sipne[1]) is a large valley in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, contained by two small mountain ranges to the north which are part of the greater Zagros mountain range. The valley is watered by the Great Zab river which flows along...
Khosrowabad, West Azerbaijan
Khosrowabad (Persian: خسرواباد, also Romanized as Khosrowābād; also known as Khosrava and Khoskawa; in Armenian: Խոսրովա)[1] is a village in Zulachay Rural District, in the Central District of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 158, in 44 families.[2] As of 2017,...
Odes of Solomon
The Odes of Solomon are a collection of 42 odes, anonymous but long attributed to Solomon.[1] There used to be confusion among scholars on the dating of the Odes of Solomon; however, most scholars date it to somewhere between AD 70 and 125.[2][3][4] The original language of the...
Maaloula
Maaloula (Arabic: مَعلُولَا; Western Neo-Aramaic: ܡܥܠܘܠܐ ,מעלולא, romanized: Maʿlūlā) is a town in southwestern Syria. The town is located in the Rif Dimashq Governorate and is 56 km northeast of Damascus, and is built into the mountainside at an altitude of more than 1,500m. It is known as...
Assyrian Democratic Movement
The Assyrian Democratic Movement (Syriac: ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ, romanized: Zawʻá Demoqraṭáyá ʼÁṯuráyá, Arabic: الحركة الديمقراطية الآشورية, ADM), popularly known as Zowaa (Syriac: ܙܘܥܐ, lit. 'the movement'), is an Assyrian political party situated in Iraq, and one of the main Assyrian parties within the Iraqi parliament. The Assyrian Democratic...
Tell Tamer
Tell Tamer (Arabic: تَلّ تَمْر, romanized: Tall Tamr, Kurdish: گرێ خورما, romanized: Girê Xurma[2] or Til Temir,[3] Syriac: ܬܠ ܬܡܪ[4][5]) also known as Tal Tamr or Tal Tamir, is a town in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. It is the administrative center of the Tell Tamer Subdistrict consisting...
Hymn of the Pearl
The Hymn of the Pearl (also Hymn of the Soul, Hymn of the Robe of Glory or Hymn of Judas Thomas the Apostle) is a passage of the apocryphal Acts of Thomas. In that work, originally written in Syriac, the Apostle Thomas sings the hymn while praying for...
Ishoyahb III
Ishoʿyahb III of Adiabene was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 649 to 659. He is known for writing more than one hundred letters that have survived preserving information about Christian life under the earliest period of Islamic rule, including several letters he sent to the...
Khash (dish)
Khash (Armenian: խաշ) is a traditional dish made from a boiled cow or sheep parts, which might include the head, feet, and stomach (tripe). It originates from Armenia and is considered one of the oldest Armenian dishes.[1][2][3]
Neo-Aramaic languages
The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities.[1] Within the field of Aramaic studies,[2] classification of Neo-Aramaic languages has been a subject...
Fast of Nineveh
In the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, and in some certain Eastern Catholic Churches of the West Syriac Rite, the East Syriac Rite, the Alexandrian Rites (both Coptic and Ge'ez), and the Armenian Rite, the Fast of Nineveh...
Jilu
Jīlū was a district and one of the five independent Assyrian tribes, located in the Hakkari region of upper Mesopotamia in modern-day Turkey. Before 1915, Jīlū was home to mostly Assyrians and as well as a minority of Kurds. There were 20 Assyrian villages in this district. The...
Duduk
The Armenian duduk (/duːˈduːk/ doo-DOOK; Armenian: դուդուկ IPA: [duˈduk])[1] or Tsiranapogh (Armenian: ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia.[2][3] Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Middle East.[4][5] The duduk, balaban...
Jiloan Hamad
Jiloan Mohammed Hamad Amin Alla Werdi (Arabic: جِيلْوَان مُحَمَّد حَمَد أَمِين عَلَاء وَرْدِيّ; born 6 November 1990), simply known as Jiloan Hamad, is a former professional footballer who played as a winger.[2][3] Born in Soviet Azerbaijan and of Iraqi descent, Hamad moved to Sweden and represented their national...
Upper Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia or Upper Iraq, also called Jazira, the Iraqi Jazira or the Euphrates Jazira, constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in West Asia.[1] Since the early Muslim conquests of the mid-7th century, the region has been known by...
Assyrian Universal Alliance
Assyrian Universal Alliance (Syriac: ܚܘܝܕܐ ܬܒ̣ܝܠܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ, Arabic: الاتحاد الآشوري العالمي; Persian: اتحادیه جهانی آشوریان), usually abbreviated as AUA and popularly known as Khoyada (English: Unity) is an ethnic Assyrian worldwide umbrella organization made up of different sectors of the Assyrian federations and organizations throughout the world.[1]
Thomas of Marga
Thomas of Marga, (Classical Syriac: ܬܐܘܡܐ ܒܪ ܝܥܩܘܒ, Taomá bár Yaˁqub) was an East Syriac bishop and author of an important monastic history in Syriac, who flourished in the 9th century CE. He was born early in the century in the region of Salakh to the north-east of...
Nineveh Plains
Nineveh Plains (Classical Syriac: ܦܩܥܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ, romanized: Pqaʿtā ḏ-Nīnwē, Modern Syriac: ܕܫܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ, romanized: Daštā d-Ninwe; Arabic: سهل نينوى, romanized: Sahl Naynawā; Kurdish: دهشتا نهینهوا, romanized: Deşta Neynewa) is a region in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq. Located to the north and east of the city Mosul, it is...
Synod of Beth Lapat
The Synod of Beth Lapat, also known as the Synod of Barsauma, was a local council of the Church of the East, that was held in 484, in the Persian city of Gundeshapur (Bēth Lapaṭ, in the Syriac language). The council was headed by Metropolitan Barsauma of Nisibis...
List of Assyrian kings
The king of Assyria (Akkadian: Iššiʾak Aššur, later šar māt Aššur) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, which was founded in the late 21st century BC and fell in 609 BC. For much of its early history, Assyria was little more than a city-state,...
Dinkha IV
Mar Dinkha IV (Classical Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ and Arabic: مار دنخا الرابع), born Dinkha Khanania (15 September 1935 - 26 March 2015)[1] was an Eastern Christian prelate who served as the Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East. He was born in the village of Darbandokeh...
Harees
Harees, haresa, hareesa, arizah, harise, jarish, jareesh, (Arabic: هريس), harisa (Armenian: հարիսա), or korkot (Armenian: կորկոտ) is a dish of boiled, cracked, or coarsely-ground cracked wheat or bulgur, mixed with meat, spices, and butter.[1] Its consistency varies between a porridge and a gruel. Harees is known throughout Armenia...
Gülgöze, Midyat
Inwardo or Gülgöze (Syriac: ܥܝܢܘܪܕܐ, romanized: Iwardo, Inwardo, Ayin Warda, Ain Wardo)[2][3] is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province, Turkey.[4] Gülgöze is populated by Assyrians/Syriacs[a][5] and had a population of 245 in 2024.[1]
Kurkh Monoliths
The Kurkh Monoliths are two Assyrian stelae of c. 852 BC and 879 BC that contain a description of the reigns of Ashurnasirpal II and his son Shalmaneser III. The Monoliths were discovered in 1861 by a British archaeologist John George Taylor, who was the British Consul-General stationed...
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church,[3][4][5][6] also known as the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church,[7] Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church,[8] Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church,[9] or the Syriac Orthodox Church in India,[10][11] is an autonomous maphrianate[12][13] of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch based in Kerala, India. It is headed by...
Tkhuma
Prior to World War I, the Tkhuma (Syriac: ܬܚܘܡܐ, romanized: Tkhūmā "Borderland"[1]) were one of five principal and semi-independent[2] Assyrian tribes subject to the spiritual and temporal jurisdiction of the Assyrian Patriarch with the title Mar Shimun. The Assyrians claimed the status of a firman of protection from...
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tukulti-Ninurta I (lit. 'my trust is in [the warrior god] Ninurta'; reigned c. 1243-1207 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire. He is the first king known to use the title "King of Kings".
Syriac versions of the Bible
Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic. Portions of the Old Testament were written in Aramaic and there are Aramaic phrases in the New Testament. Syriac translations of the New Testament were among the first and date from the 2nd century. The whole Bible was translated by the 5th...
Mor Hananyo Monastery
The Mor Hananyo[a] Monastery (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܚܢܢܝܐ, romanised: Dayro d-Mor Hananyo), also called Monastery of Saint Ananias, Deyrulzafaran (Arabic: ديرالزعفران, romanised: Dayr al-Za'farān) or Dayro d-Kurkmo (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܟܘܪܟܡܐ),[1] and in Turkish, Deyrulzafaran Manastırı, commonly known in English as the Saffron Monastery, is one of the most...
Nowruz
Nowruz (Persian: نوروز, Iranian Persian: [noːˈɾuːz],[x] lit. 'New Day') is New Year's Day on the Iranian calendars, including the currently used Solar Hijri calendar.[37][38] Historically, it has been observed by Iranian peoples,[39] but is now celebrated by many Persianate cultures worldwide. It is a festival based on the...
Assyrians in New Zealand
Assyrians in New Zealand are New Zealanders of Assyrian descent or Assyrians who have New Zealand citizenship. The Assyrian community in New Zealand began in the 1990s when refugees from Iraq and Iran settled in the country.
Tell Shemshara
Tell Shemshāra (ancient Šušarra) (also Tell Shimshara, Tall Šimšārah, and Tall Šamšāra) is an archaeological site located on the right bank of Little Zab in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, in the Iraqi Kurdistan autonomous administrative division of Iraq. The site was inundated by Lake Dukan until recently.
Hasana
The Hasana (Arabic: الحسنة; also spelled Hassanah or Hassaneh) is an Arab tribe resident in central Syria in villages east of Hama and Homs. In the mid-18th century, the tribe became the first of the Anaza tribes to relocate to Syria from Najd and has retained varying degrees...
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: אַרָמִית, ʾarāmîṯ) or Talmudic Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), the Targum...
Tell Taya
Tell Taya is an archaeological site at a tell (hill city) in Nineveh Province (Iraq). It was occupied from the third to the first millennia BC. Tell Taya lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Mosul and Nineveh.
Xi'an Stele
The Xi'an Stele or the Jingjiao Stele (Chinese: 景教碑; pinyin: Jǐngjiào bēi; lit. 'Nestorian Stele') is a Tang Chinese stele erected in 781 that documents 150 years of early Christianity in China.[1] It is a limestone block 279 centimetres (9 ft 2 in) high with text in both...
Lachish reliefs
The Lachish reliefs are a set of Assyrian palace reliefs narrating the story of the Assyrian victory over the kingdom of Judah during the siege of Lachish in 701 BC. Carved between 700 and 681 BC, as a decoration of the South-West Palace of Sennacherib in Nineveh (in...
Imperial Aramaic
Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern scholars in order to designate a specific historical variety of Aramaic. The term is polysemic, with two distinctive meanings, wider (sociolinguistic) and narrower (dialectological). Since most surviving examples of the language have been found in Egypt, the language is...
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia[a] is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. It corresponds roughly to the territory of modern Iraq.[1][2] Just beyond it lies southwestern Iran, where the region transitions into the Iranian plateau, marking the shift...
Acts of Thomas
Acts of Thomas is an early 3rd-century text, one of the New Testament apocrypha within the Acts of the Apostles subgenre. It was originally a work of Syriac literature, composed in Edessa before 240 AD, but complete versions survive in both Syriac and Greek.[1] The surviving Syriac manuscripts,...
Church of the East in India
According to apocryphal records, Christianity in India and in Pakistan (included prior to the Partition) commenced in 52 AD,[1] with the arrival of Thomas the Apostle in Kodungallur (Cranganore). Subsequently, the Christians of the Malabar region, known as St Thomas Christians established close ties with the Levantine Christians...
Shimun XXI Eshai
Mar Eshai Shimun XXI (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܝܫܝ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܓ.; 26 February 1908 - 6 November 1975), sometimes known as Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, Mar Shimun XXIII Ishaya, Mar Shimun Ishai, or Simon Jesse,[1] was Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East from 1920 until his murder on...
Shalmaneser V
Shalmaneser V (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Salmānu-ašarēd,[2][3][4] meaning "Salmānu is foremost";[3] Biblical Hebrew: שַׁלְמַנְאֶסֶר Šalmanʾeser) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 727 BC to his deposition and death in 722 BC. Though Shalmaneser V's brief reign is poorly known from contemporary sources, he remains known for the conquest...
Bulgur
Bulgur[1][a] or borghol[2][b] is a cracked wheat foodstuff found in Middle Eastern[3] and South Asian cuisines, among others. It is a cereal food made from the groats of several different wheat species.
Narsai
Narsai the Harp of the Holy Spirit (Classical Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܢܪܣܝ ܟܢܪܐ ܕܪܘܚܐ, romanized: Mar Narsai Kinnara d'Rukha, c. 399 - c. 502) was one of the most important poet-theologians of the early Church of the East. His homilies belong to the same late antique Syriac preaching culture...
Ashur-uballit II
Aššur-uballiṭ II, also spelled Assur-uballit II and Ashuruballit II[4] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀸𒋩𒌑𒋾𒆷, romanized: Aššur-uballiṭ,[5][6] meaning "Ashur has kept alive"),[6] was the final ruler of Assyria, ruling from his predecessor Sîn-šar-iškun's death at the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BC to his own defeat at Harran in 609 BC...
Semel
Semel or Semels may refer to: David Semel, American film, television director and producer Harry Semels (1887-1946), American film actor Stephen Semel, American film editor, director and producer Terry Semel (born 1943), U.S. businessman, former chairman and chief executive officer of Yahoo! Incorporated Semel Institute for Neuroscience and...
Lahmacun
Lahmacun,[a] lahmajun, or lahmajo[b] is a Middle Eastern flatbread topped with minced meat (most commonly beef or lamb), minced vegetables, and herbs such as onions, garlic, tomatoes, red peppers, and parsley, flavored with spices such as chili pepper and paprika, then baked.[3] Lahmacun is often wrapped around vegetables,...
Febronia of Nisibis
Phebronia of Nisibis, also known as Phebronia of Sebapte, was a nun at Nisibis, Roman Empire (modern-day Nusaybin, Turkey). She suffered persecution under Diocletian, who offered her freedom if she renounced her faith and married his nephew, Lysimachus, who had been leaning towards conversion to Christianity. Febronia refused...
Asoristan
Asoristan (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭, Asōristān, Āsūristān), also known as Suristan,[1][2][3] was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637 CE.[1][4][5]
Mar Qardagh
Mār Qardāgh (Classical Syriac: ܣܗܕܐ ܡܪܝ ܩܪܕܓ ܐܬ݂ܘܪܝܐ), was an Assyrian prince who was martyred for converting to Christianity from Zoroastrianism.
Savur
Savur (Syriac: ܨܰܘܪܳܐ, romanized: Ṣawro;[2] Arabic: صور, romanized: Ṣawr;[3] Kurdish: Stewr),[4] meaning “mountain ridge” in Syriac[5] and formerly known as Savor, is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.[6] Its area is 962 km2,[7] and its population is 24,821 (2022).[1]
Assyrians in Belgium
Assyrians in Belgium are Belgian citizens of Assyrian descent. Belgium's Assyrian diaspora is concentrated in the Flemish cities of Mechelen and Antwerp, although there are also significant numbers living in Liège and Brussels. The majority of the Assyrian diaspora living in Belgium are of Turkish descent, mostly from...
Assyrian Policy Institute
The Assyrian Policy Institute (API) is a non-governmental and nonprofit organization based in the United States[1] that primarily advocates for the rights of Assyrians[2][3] and other minorities in the Middle East including Yazidis and Mandaeans.[4]
Christology
Christology is a branch of Christian theology that concerns the nature of Jesus, which has been the topic of much debate over the centuries that culminated in the ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD, issuing a formulation of the hypostatic union between a human and divine nature...
Baz (tribe)
Baz (Syriac: ܒܙ) was one of the five independent Assyrian tribes of the Hakkari region, and is present in both Iraq and Syria today.
Şırnak Province
Şırnak Province (Turkish: Şırnak ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Şirnex[2]) is a province in Turkey in the Southeastern Anatolia Region.[3] Şırnak Province was created in 1990, with areas that were formerly part of the Siirt, Hakkâri and Mardin Provinces.[4][5] It borders both Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Syria. The current...
Ma'amoul
Ma'amoul (Arabic: معمول maʿmūl [mæʕˈmuːl]) is a filled cookie made with semolina flour and butter. Originating in the Arab world, the filling can be made with dried fruits like figs, dates, or nuts such as pistachios, walnuts, and occasionally almonds or cheese.[2]
Christian Palestinian Aramaic
Christian Palestinian Aramaic was a Western Aramaic dialect that began as a vernacular between the first and third centuries CE, and emerged as a written language used by the Melkite Christian community in Palestine, Transjordan and Sinai[1] between the fifth and thirteenth centuries.[a] It is preserved in inscriptions,...
Diatessaron
The Diatessaron (Syriac: ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܡܚܠܛܐ, romanized: Ewangeliyôn Damhalltê; c. 166-169 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony. It was created in the Syriac language by Tatian, an Assyrian early Christian apologist and ascetic.[1] Tatian sought to combine all the textual material he found in the four gospels...
Shimun XX Paulos
Mar Shimun XX Paulos (1885 in Qodshanis, Hakkari, Ottoman Empire - 27 April 1920 in Baquba, Ottoman Empire) served as Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East. from 1918 to 1920.[1]
Maragheh
Maragheh (Persian: مراغه)[a] is a city in the Central District of Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county[7] and the district. Maragheh is on the bank of the river Sufi Chay. It is 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Tabriz, the largest city...
Christianity in Iran
In Iran, Christianity dates back to the early years of the religion. Through this time the Christian faith has always been followed by a minority of the population of Iran under its different state religions: Zoroastrianism in ancient Persia, followed by Sunni Islam in the Middle Ages after...
Syriac Christianity
Syriac Christianity (Syriac: ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ, Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity. The formative body of Syriac literature, covering theological writings and traditional liturgies, are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language.[1][2][3] In a wider sense, the term...
Babylonian astronomy
Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia. The numeral system used, sexagesimal, was based on 60, as opposed to ten in the modern decimal system. This system simplified the calculating and recording of unusually great and small numbers.[1]
Liturgy of Addai and Mari
The Liturgy of Addai and Mari (or the Holy Qurbana of Mar Addai and Mar Mari) is the Eucharistic liturgy belonging to the East Syriac Rite and was historically used in the Church of the East of the Sasanian (Persian) Empire. This liturgy is traditionally attributed to Saint...
Ashur Bet Sargis
Ashur Bet Sargis[a] (Syriac: ܐܫܘܪ ܒܝܬ ܣܪܓܝܤ; born July 2, 1949) is an Assyrian singer, composer, guitarist and activist. He became famous in the Assyrian communities worldwide for his nationalistic songs in the 1970s. His career peaked, and became prominent, in the 1990s with five albums released within...
Shamshi-Adad V
Shamshi-Adad V (Akkadian: Šamši-Adad) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 824 to 811 BC. He was named after the god Adad, who is also known as Hadad.[1][2]
Aramaic alphabet
The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian peoples throughout the Fertile Crescent. It was also adopted by other peoples as their own alphabet when empires and their subjects underwent linguistic Aramaization during a language shift for governing purposes -...
Dara (Mesopotamia)
Dara or Daras (Turkish: Dara Antik Kenti; Greek: Δάρας; Syriac: ܕܪܐ[1]) was an important East Roman fortress city in northern Mesopotamia on the border with the Sassanid Empire. Because of its great strategic importance, it featured prominently in the Roman-Persian conflicts (in 530, 540, 544, 573, and 604)....
Hatran Aramaic
Hatran Aramaic (Aramaic of Hatra, Ashurian or East Mesopotamian) designates a Middle Aramaic dialect known from a corpus of 450 inscriptions and graffiti. The language was used in the region of Hatra and Assur in northeastern parts of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), approximately from the 3rd century BC to...
Harran
Harran[a] is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa, Turkey.[2] Its area is 904 km2,[3] and its population is 96,072 (2022).[1] It is approximately 40 kilometres (25 miles) southeast of Urfa and 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the Syrian border crossing at Akçakale.
Adiabene
Adiabene (Greek: Ἀδιαβηνή, Classical Syriac: ܚܕܝܐܒ) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the heartland of ancient Assyria.[2] The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of Nineveh and starting at least with the...
Mosul
Mosul[a] is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second largest city in Iraq overall after the capital Baghdad. Mosul is situated on the banks of Tigris and the ruins of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh, once the...
Nimrud ivories
The Nimrud ivories are a large group of small carved ivory plaques and figures dating from the 9th to the 7th centuries BC that were excavated from the Assyrian city of Nimrud (in modern Ninawa in Iraq) during the 19th and 20th centuries. The ivories mostly originated outside...
Doctrine of Addai
The Doctrine of Addai (Syriac: ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܕܝ ܫܠܝܚܐ Malp̄ānūṯā d-Addai Šlīḥā) is a work of Christian Syriac literature, written in the late 4th or early 5th century CE. It recounts the legend of the Image of Edessa as well as the legendary works of Addai and his disciple...
Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul
The church is dedicated to Saint Thomas the Apostle and is believed to have been constructed on the site of the house that the saint resided in during his stay in Mosul.[2] The church is first mentioned in 770 as part of a grievance to Caliph Al-Mahdi.[2] The...
Shalmaneser I
Shalmaneser I (𒁹𒀭𒁲𒈠𒉡𒊕 mdsál-ma-nu-SAG Salmanu-ašared;[2][3] 1273-1244 BC or 1265-1235 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire. He was the son and successor of Adad-nirari I.[4]
Baghdad
Baghdad[a] is the capital and the largest city of Iraq. It is located on the banks of the Tigris in central Iraq. With an estimated population of 8 million, it ranks among the most populous and largest cities in the Middle East and the Arab world and constitutes...
Assyrians in the Netherlands
Assyrians in the Netherlands (Dutch: Assyriërs in Nederland) are Dutch citizens of Assyrian descent. They mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of Overijssel, in such cities as Enschede, Hengelo, Rijssen, Almelo and Borne. The main reason that the Assyrians are concentrated there is...
Mesopotamian mythology
Mesopotamian mythology refers to the myths, religious texts, and other literature that comes from the region of ancient Mesopotamia which is a historical region of Western Asia, situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system that occupies the area of present-day Iraq. In particular the societies of Sumer, Akkad, and...
Adad-nirari I
Adad-nārārī I (1305-1274 BC or 1295-1263 BC short chronology) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire. His annals survived in more detail than most of his predecessors, and he achieved numerous major military victories that further strengthened the position of Assyria as the most powerful...
Naqiʾa
Naqiʾa or Naqia[3][4][5] (Akkadian: Naqīʾa,[6] also known as Zakūtu (),[6][7] was a wife of the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 705-681 BC) and the mother of his son and successor Esarhaddon (r. 681-669). Naqiʾa is the best documented woman in the history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire[8] and she reached...
Assyrian independence movement
The Assyrian independence movement is a political movement and ethno-nationalist desire of ethnic Assyrians to live in their indigenous Assyrian homeland in northern Mesopotamia under the self-governance of an Assyrian State.
John J. Nimrod
John J. Nimrod (May 1, 1922 - January 4, 2009) was an Assyrian American minority rights activist and Illinois state senator.[1][2]
Nochiya
The Nochiya (Syriac: ܢܵܘܟ̰ܝܼܵܐ,[1] pl.: Nochiyaye,) are an Assyrian tribe that were based in and around the villages of Beyyurdu and Öveç in the Şemdinli district of the province of Hakkari, Turkey.
Dyophysitism
Dyophysitism (/daɪˈɒfɪsaɪtɪzəm/;[2] from Greek δύο dyo, "two" and φύσις physis, "nature") is the Christological position that Jesus Christ is in two distinct, inseparable natures: divine and human. It is accepted by the majority of Christian denominations, including the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Church of the East, Anglicanism,...
History of Mesopotamia
The civilization of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. Mesopotamia...
İdil
İdil (Syriac: ܐܙܟ, romanized: Azakh,[2][nb 1] or Beth Zabday,[5] Kurdish: Hezex,[6] Arabic: آزخ, romanized: Azekh)[7] is a city and seat of the İdil District of the Şırnak Province in Turkey.[8] It is located in the historical region of Tur Abdin. The town had a population of 30,271 in...
Goblet drum
The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, darabuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, toumperleki, tumbak, tabla, or zerbaghali;[1] Arabic: دربوكة / Romanized: darbuka) is a single-head membranophone with a goblet-shaped body.[2] It is most commonly used in the traditional music of North Africa, the Middle...
Ashur-dan II
Ashur-Dan II (Aššur-dān) (934-912 BC), son of Tiglath Pileser II, was the last king of the interregnum between the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the birthing of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. He was best known for recapturing previously held Assyrian territory in Anatolia, Levant and Zagros and shoring up Assyria's...
Zurna
The zurna[a][b] is a double reed wind instrument played in West Asia, the Caucasus, Southeast Europe and parts of North Africa. It is also used in Sri Lanka.[2] It is usually accompanied by a davul (bass drum) in Turkish, Armenian, Anatolian, Azerbaijani, Assyrian and Kurdish folk music.
Chronicle of Seert
The Chronicle of Seert, sometimes called the Histoire nestorienne, is an ecclesiastical history written in Arabic by an anonymous Christian writer from the Church of the East, at an unknown date between the ninth and the eleventh century. There are grounds for believing that it is the work...
Dura-Europos church
The Dura-Europos church (or Dura-Europos house church) is the earliest identified Christian house church.[1] It was located in Dura-Europos, Syria, and one of the earliest known Christian churches.[2] It is believed to have been an ordinary house that was converted to a place of worship between 233 and...
Duhok
Duhok (Kurdish: دهۆک, romanized: Dihok;[3][4] Arabic: دهوك, romanized: Dohūk;[5] Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Beth Nohadra,[6][7] Lishanid Noshan: דוהוך, romanized: Dohok[8]) is a city in Kurdistan Region, Iraq and the capital city of Duhok Governorate.
Agha Petros
Petros Elia of Baz (Syriac: ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ; 1 April 1880 - 2 February 1932), better known as Agha Petros (Syriac: ܐܓܐ ܦܛܪܘܣ), was an Assyrian military leader and warlord,[4][5] best known for his role during World War I. He commanded both Assyrian and Armenian forces that defeated...
Assyrians in Greece
Assyrians in Greece (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܘܢ) (Greek: Ασσύριοι στην Ελλάδα) include migrants of Assyrian descent living in Greece. The Assyrian community in Greece is primarily composed of individuals who migrated due to political, religious, and ethnic persecution in their countries of origin, particularly in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and...
Sahdona
Sahdona of Halmon (Classical Syriac: ܣܗܕܘܢܐ, literally "little martyr") also known as Sahdona of Mahoze and Sahdona the Syrian, Hellenised as Martyrius, was a 7th-century East Syriac monk, theologian and Bishop who later defected to the West Syriac Church before returning to the Church of the East.
Bamarni
Bamarni (Arabic: بامرني;[2] Kurdish: بامهرنێ, romanized: Bamernê;[3][4] Syriac: Beṯ Mūrdānī;[5] Hebrew: במרני)[2] is a village and sub-district in the Duhok Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located in the Sapna valley in the district of Amadiya.
Dolma
Dolma (US: /ˈdoʊlmə/, Turkish: [doɫˈma] ⓘ) is a family of stuffed dishes largely associated with Ottoman cuisine. It mainly includes vegetables and leaves, and occasionally seafood, offal, fruits, and meats, that are hollowed out or wrapped, then filled with a mixture of rice, minced meat, herbs, and spices....
Isaac of Antioch
Isaac of Antioch, also known as Isaac of Amid or Isaac the Syrian, is one of the stars of Syriac literature, and the reputed author of a large number of metrical homilies,[1] many of which are distinguished by an originality and acumen rare among Syriac writers. The mid-6th...
Aššur-etil-ilāni
Aššur-etil-ilāni, also spelled Ashur-etel-ilani[3] and Ashuretillilani[4] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀸𒋩𒉪𒅅𒀭𒈨𒌍, romanized: Aššur-etil-ilāni,[5][6] meaning "Ashur is the lord of the gods"),[7] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 631 BC to 627 BC.[n 1] Aššur-etil-ilāni is an obscure figure with a brief reign from which few inscriptions survive. Because...
Ishodad of Merv
Mar Ishodad of Merv (Classical Syriac: ܡܵܪܼܝ ܝܼܫܘܿܥܕܵܕ ܡܲܪܘܼܙܵܝܵܐ, romanized: Māri Ishoʿdāḏ Maruzāyā; fl. AD 850) was an Assyrian Christian prelate who served as Bishop of Hdatta during the Abbasid Caliphate. He was a prominent theologian of the Church of the East, best known for his Commentaries, which...
Dargeçit
Dargeçit (Arabic: كربوران, Kurdish: Kerboran,[2] Syriac: ܟܦܪܒܘܪܐܢ, romanized: Karburan)[3][a] is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.[6] Its area is 519 km2,[7] and its population is 27,147 (2022).[1] The town is principally populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe.[8] It is located in the historic region of...
Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
The Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire was the last war fought by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, between 626 and 609 BC. Succeeding his brother Ashur-etil-ilani (r. 631-627 BC), the new king of Assyria, Sinsharishkun (r. 627-612 BC), immediately faced the revolt of one of his brother's chief generals,...
Assyrian continuity
The Assyrian continuity thesis is the idea that the modern Assyrians are to be culturally and historically identified with, and are the direct descendants of, the ancient Assyrians, who were one of several contemporary civilizations in Mesopotamia. This claimed heritage is a key aspect of the modern Assyrian...
Achaemenid Assyria
Athura[1] (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā Persian pronunciation: [aθuɾaː]), also called Assyria, was a geographical area within the Achaemenid Empire in Upper Mesopotamia from 539 to 330 BC as a military protectorate state. Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy,[2][3] Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu (plural dahyāva),...
Garshuni
Garshuni or Karshuni (Syriac alphabet: ܓܪܫܘܢܝ, Arabic alphabet: كرشوني) are non-Syriac writings using the Syriac alphabet, most often being Arabic or Malayalam.
Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun
Lady Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun (27 January 1883 - 7 December 1975) was the sister of the Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East and leader of the Assyrians, Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin.
Chronicle of Zuqnin
The Chronicle of Zuqnin is an 8th-century Syriac historical work composed by a monk, most likely Joshua the Stylite, from the Monastery of Zuqnin near Amida on the upper Tigris. It covers history from the creation of the world to the mid-8th century AD with an account of...
David David (surgeon)
Professor David John David AC (born 21 December 1940) is an Australian surgeon. He is a specialist in the area of craniofacial surgery and plastic & reconstructive surgery of the Head and Neck. He was the founder of the Australian Craniofacial Unit.[2]
Barwari
Barwari (Syriac: ܒܪܘܪ,[1] Kurdish: بهرواری, romanized: Berwarî)[2] is a region in the Hakkari mountains in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The region is inhabited by Assyrians and Kurds, and was formerly also home to a number of Jews prior to their emigration to Israel in 1951.[3] It is...
Justin Meram
Justin Meram (Arabic: جستن حكمت عزيز ميرام; born December 4, 1988), known as Justin Hikmat Azeez Meram in Iraq,[4] is an Iraqi former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in the United States, he played for the Iraq national team.
Tamzara
Tamzara[a] is an Armenian folk dance native to the Armenian Highlands. In Armenia the dance originally had a ritual character, it was a wedding song and dance. Now "Tamzara" has lost its former ritual significance, when it was performed during almost all community events and parties. It is...
Tell Leilan
Tell Leilan (Shekhna) is an archaeological site situated near the Wadi Jarrah in the Khabur River basin in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. The site has been occupied since the 5th millennium BC. During the late third millennium, the site was known as Shekhna. During that time it was...
Michael the Syrian
Michael the Syrian, also known as Michael the Great (Syriac: ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܪܒܐ, romanized: Mīkā'ēl Rābā; 1126 - 7 November 1199), was the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 1166 until his death in 1199. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history...
Andrew Rohan
Andrew Baijan Rohan (Arabic: أندرو روهان; born 30 June 1948 in Iraq) is an Australian politician of Assyrian descent who currently serves on Fairfield City Council. He was previously a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing Smithfield for the Liberal Party from 2011 to 2015.[1]
Malik Khoshaba
Malik Khoshaba Yousif Zaia (Syriac: ܡܠܟ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܝܘܣܦ) was an Assyrian tribal leader (or "malik") of the Tyari tribe (Bit Tyareh) who played a significant role in the Assyrian independence movement during World War I.
Tehran
Tehran[a] is the capital and largest city of Iran.[7] It is also the capital of Tehran province and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District.[8] With a population of around 9 million in the city,[9][10][11] and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area,[12] Tehran is the...
Great Lent
Great Lent, or the Great Fast (Greek: Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή, romanized: Megali Tessarakosti or Μεγάλη Νηστεία, Megali Nisteia, meaning "Great 40 Days", and "Great Fast", respectively), is the most important fasting season of the church year within many denominations of Eastern Christianity. It is intended to prepare Christians for...
Assyrians in Lebanon
Assyrians in Lebanon (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ; Arabic: الآشوريين في لبنان; French: Libanais-Assyriens), or Assyrian Lebanese, are people of Assyrian descent living in Lebanon. It is estimated that there are approximately 30,000 Assyrians currently residing in Lebanon, primarily in Beirut and Zahlé. This number includes the descendants of Assyrian...
Balawat Gates
The Balawat Gates are three sets of decorated bronze bands that had adorned the main doors of several buildings at Balawat (ancient Imgur-Enlil), dating to the reigns of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883-859 BC) and Shalmaneser III (r. 859-824 BC). Their extensive use of narrative art depicting the exploits...
Assyrians in Russia
Assyrians in Russia (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܪܘܣܝܐ; Russian: Ассирийцы в России, romanized: Assiriytsy v Rossii), or Russian Assyrians, are Assyrian people or people of Assyrian descent living in the country of Russia. As of the 2002 Russian census, Assyrians number 14,000 people total in the country.
Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State
The persecution of Christians by the Islamic State involves the systematic mass murder[1][2][3] of Christian minorities, within the regions of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique and Nigeria controlled by the Islamic extremist group Islamic State. Persecution of Christian minorities climaxed following the Syrian...
Sargon Stele
The Sargon Stele[1] was found in the autumn of 1845 in Cyprus on the site of the former city-kingdom of Kition, in present-day Larnaca to the west of the old harbour of Kition in the archaeological site of Bamboula.[2] The language on the stele is Assyrian Akkadian.
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III is a black limestone Neo-Assyrian sculpture with many scenes in bas-relief and inscriptions. It comes from Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), in northern Iraq, and commemorates the deeds of King Shalmaneser III (reigned 858-824 BC). It is on display at the British Museum in...
Nimrud lens
The Nimrud lens, also called Layard lens, is an 8th-century BC piece of rock crystal which was unearthed in 1850 by Austen Henry Layard at the Assyrian palace of Nimrud in modern-day Iraq.[3][4] It may have been used as a magnifying glass or as a burning-glass to start...
Akkadian literature
Akkadian literature is the ancient literature written in the East Semitic Akkadian language (Assyrian and Babylonian dialects) in Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia) during the period spanning the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age (roughly the 25th to 4th centuries BC).[1][2]
Cave of Treasures
The Cave of Treasures (Syriac: ܡܥܪܬ ܓܙܐ, romanized: Maʿarraṯ ġazzē) is pseudepigraphal work of Syriac literature that retells biblical narrative within a distinctly Christian and Mesopotamian setting. Originally composed in Syriac, it provides a then-modern Christian interpretation of the Old Testament from the creation of Adam to the...
David Barsum Perley
David Barsum Kashish (1901 - July 14, 1979), better known as David Barsum Perley, was an Assyrian nationalist writer and activist.[1] Originally of the Syriac Orthodox Church,[2] Perley dedicated his life's work to researching and advancing the Assyrian community, and his writings/philosophy would become part of the backbone...
Assyrians in Mexico
Assyrians in Mexico (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ, Spanish: Asirios en México), or Mexican Assyrians, are Assyrian people or people of Assyrian descent living in Mexico. Most of the Assyrian immigrants who arrived in the country were Chaldean Catholic, as they fled from religious persecution and ethnic persecution in their...
Sîn-šar-iškun
Sîn-šar-iškun (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒁹𒀭𒌍𒌋𒌋𒃻𒌦, romanized: Sîn-šar-iškun[4][5] or Sîn-šarru-iškun,[6] meaning "Sîn has established the king")[5] was the penultimate king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, reigning from the death of his brother and predecessor Aššur-etil-ilāni in 627 BCE to his own death at the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BCE.
Book of Steps
The Book of Steps (Syriac: ܟܬܒܐ ܕܡܣ̈ܩܬܐ, Kṯāḇâ ḏ-Masqāṯâ; also known by the Latin name Liber Graduum) is an anonymous treatise and a work of Christian Syriac literature, probably written in the late fourth century AD (or possibly early fifth century). The author appears to be living in...
Basil Gorgis
Basil Gewargis Hanna or Basil Korkis (Arabic: باسل كوركيس) (born 8 January 1961) is a former Iraqi international football player of Assyrian descent. Despite having a short career, he is considered to be one of the best players of all time in Iraq, being known for his tenacity...
Assyrian rebellion
The Assyrian rebellion (Turkish: Nasturi Ayaklanması, "Nestorian Uprising")[6] was an uprising by the Assyrians in Hakkari which was administered by Assyrians at the time.[7] It began in July 1924 and ended on 28 September that same year.[8][9] This was the first rebellion in the newly formed Republic of...
Samovar
A samovar (Russian: самовар, IPA: [səmɐˈvar] ⓘ, lit. 'self-brewer') is a metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water. Although originating in Russia, the samovar is well known outside of the country and has spread through Russian culture to other parts of Eastern Europe, as well as...
Syro-Malabar Church
The Syro-Malabar Church, also known as the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church or Edtha Qatholiqi d'Malabar Suryaya,[b] is an Eastern Catholic church based in Kerala, India. It is a sui iuris (autonomous) particular church in full communion with the Holy See and the worldwide Catholic Church, with self-governance under the...
Tiglath-Pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser I (/ˈtɪɡləθ paɪˈliːzər, -ˌlæθ, pɪ-/; from the Hebraic form[1] of Middle Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏, romanized: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Ešarra") was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1114-1076 BC). According to Georges Roux, Tiglath-Pileser was "one of the two or...
Jimmy Durmaz
Jakup Jimmy Durmaz (né Jakup Jimmy Touma; born 22 March 1989) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Swedish club Östertälje FC.
Nestorianism
Nestorianism is a term used in Christian theology and Church history to refer to several mutually related but doctrinally distinct sets of teachings that fall under the umbrella term Dyophysitism, such as two natures in Christ (human and Divine) or two persons in Christ (the Man and the...
Qatayef
Qatayef, katayef, atayef or qata'if (Arabic: قطايف [qɑˈtˤɑ:jɪf]) is an Arabic dessert. It is a type of sweet dumpling filled with cream and nuts, or a filled folded pancake with a thickness similar to a Scottish crumpet. It is prepared by pouring batter onto a hot surface, cooking...
History of the Middle East
The Middle East, or the Near East, was one of the cradles of civilization: after the Neolithic Revolution and the adoption of agriculture, many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations were created there. Since ancient times, the Middle East has had several lingua franca: Akkadian, Hebrew, Aramaic,...
Mandaic language
Mandaic, or more specifically Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of Iraq and southwest Iran, for their religious books. Mandaic, or Classical Mandaic, is still used by Mandaean priests...
Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
Under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, Christians were considered dhimmi (meaning "protected") under Ottoman law in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the jizya tax.[1][2]
Elbeğendi, Midyat
Elbeğendi (Kurdish: Xerabê Kefrê;[2][a] Syriac: Kafro Tahtoyo, lit. 'Lower village')[2][4][b] is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province in Turkey.[9] The village is populated by Syriacs and had a population of 46 in 2021.[10][1][c] It is located atop Mount Izla in the region of...
Syriac chant
Syrian chant is one of the oldest Christian chants in the world.[1][2] Due to the lack of information concerning early musical manuscripts, it is conjectural to what extent the modern repertoire reflects the early traditions.[1][2] What we know of the sound in Syrian chant is mainly derived from...
Al-Malikiyah
Al-Malikiyah (Arabic: ٱلْمَالِكِيَّة, romanized: al-Mālikīyah;[1] Kurmanji Kurdish: Dêrika Hemko;[2] Syriac: ܕܪܝܟ), also known as Derik, is a city in northeastern Syria and the center of an administrative district belonging to Al-Hasakah Governorate. The district constitutes the northeastern corner of the country, and is where the Syrian Democratic Council...
Tell Brak
Tell Brak (Nagar, Nawar) was an ancient city in Syria; it is one of the earliest known cities in the world.[3] Its remains constitute a tell located in the Upper Khabur region, near the modern village of Tell Brak, 50 kilometers north-east of Al-Hasaka city, Al-Hasakah Governorate. The...
Saint Thomas Christians
The Saint Thomas Christians, also called Syrian Christians of India, Marthoma Suriyani Nasrani, Malankara Nasrani, or Nasrani Mappila, are an ethno-religious community of Indian Christians in the state of Kerala (Malabar region),[7] who, for the most part, employ the Eastern and Western liturgical rites of Syriac Christianity.[8] They...
Karamlesh
Karamlesh (Syriac: ܟܪܡܠܫ,[1][2] Arabic: كرمليس; also spelled Karemlash, Karemles, Karemlish, etc.) is a town in northern Iraq located less than 18 miles (29 km) south east of Mosul.
Assyrians in France
French Assyrians (Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܦܪܲܢܓܝܵܐ, French: Assyriens) are French citizens of Assyrian ancestry. There are around 30,000 - 40,000 most of whom are concentrated in the Paris metropolitan area.
Tikrit
Tikrit (Arabic: تِكْرِيت, romanized: Tikrīt [ˈtɪkriːt]), historically romanized as Tekrit,[2] is a city in Iraq, located 140 kilometers (87 mi) northwest of Baghdad and 220 kilometers (140 mi) southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. It is the administrative center of the Saladin Governorate. In 2012, it had...
Assyrian exodus from Iraq
The Assyrian exodus from Iraq refers to the mass flight and expulsion of ethnic Assyrians from Iraq, a process which was initiated from the beginning of Iraq War in 2003 and continues to this day. Leaders of Iraq's Assyrian community estimate that over two-thirds of the Iraqi Assyrian...
Fall of Harran
The Fall of Harran refers to the siege and capture of the Assyrian city of Harran by the Median and Neo-Babylonian empires.
Science in the ancient world
Science in the ancient world encompasses the earliest history of science from the protoscience of prehistory and ancient history to late antiquity. In ancient times, culture and knowledge were passed through oral tradition. The development of writing further enabled the preservation of knowledge and culture, allowing information to...
History of Syria
The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic and in the region of Syria. The territory of the Syrian Arab Republic was occupied and ruled by several empires, including the Sumerians, Egyptians, Amorites, Ugarites, Hittites, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonians, Canaanites, Phoenicians,...
Adad-nirari II
Adad-nīrārī II (also spelled Adad-nērārī, which means "Adad (the storm god) is my help") reigned from 911 BCE[2] to 891 BCE. He was the first King of Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. He instigated the first renewed period of major expansion following that of the Middle Assyrian Empire...
Qamishli
Qamishli[nb 1] is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria-Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey. The Jaghjagh River flows through the city. With a 2004 census population of 184,231,[1] it is the ninth most-populous city in Syria and the second-largest in Al-Hasakah Governorate after...
Shimun XIX Benyamin
Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin (1887-18 March 1918) (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܩܕܡܝܐ) served as the Catholicos-Patriach of the Assyrian Church of the East from 1903 to 1918. He was consecrated a metropolitan on March 1, 1903, by his uncle, the Catholicos-Patriarch, and was eighteen years old when...
Maria Theresa Asmar
Maria Theresa Asmar (1804-c. 1870) was a Chaldean author, foremost known for her book Memoirs of a Babylonian Princess,[1] which consists of two volumes and 720 pages. This book was composed some time in the early nineteenth-century, describing her travels through Assyria,[2] Chaldea,[3] Mesopotamia,[4] Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and...
Mardin Province
Mardin Province (Turkish: Mardin ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Mêrdîn; Arabic: محافظة ماردين; Classical Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey. Its area is 8,780 km2,[2] and its population is 870,374 (2022).[1] The largest city in the province is Kızıltepe, while the capital Mardin is the...
Late Ottoman genocides
The late Ottoman genocides is a historiographical theory which sees the concurrent Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides,[1][2][3] that took place from the 1910s until the 1920s, as parts of a single event rather than separate events, which were initiated by the Young Turks.[2][4] Although some sources, including The...
Shamiram Urshan
Shamiram Urshan (1938 - 25 June 2011), also known as Shamiram Ourshan and occasionally Shamiram Oshana (Syriac: ܫܡܝܪܡ ܐܘܫܥܢܐ), was an Assyrian American singer and entertainer originally from Iran, who gained popularity in the 1980s.[1]
Syrianska IF Kerburan
Syrianska IF Kerburan is a Swedish based football club in the city of Västerås. The club, formed in 1977 by Syriac-Aramean immigrants, has advanced through the league system and is currently playing in the fourth highest Swedish league, Division 2.
Assyrians in Finland
The majority of them living in Oulu,[1] while other smaller communities are seen in the Finnish capital, Helsinki, and as well in Turku and Jyväskylä.[3] They are mostly refugees from Iraq and Iran;[4] this is in contrast to the Assyrian population in neighboring Sweden, where the majority are...
Joseph Hazzaya
Joseph Hazzaya (Syriac: ܝܘܣܦ ܚܙܝܐ, romanized: Yawsep Ḥazzāyā; born c. 710) was an 8th-century Syriac Christian writer, ascetic and mystic. The nickname Hazzaya means 'the seer' or 'the visionary'. He belonged to the Church of the East.[1]
Assyrian nationalism
Assyrian nationalism, sometimes known as Assyrianism, is a movement among the Assyrian people that advocates for their independence or autonomy in the historic Assyrian heartland in northern Mesopotamia, in what is today northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran.
Hasakah
Hasakah[nb 1] is a city in northeastern Syria and the capital of the Hasakah Governorate. With a 2023 estimated population of 422,445,[8] Hasakah is populated by Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians and Chechens. Hasakah is 80 kilometres (50 miles) south of the city of...
Shibaniba
Tell Billa (also Tell Billah, Tall Billa, and Baasheikhah) is an archaeological site near Bashiqa in Nineveh Province (Iraq) 20 kilometers northeast of Mosul.
Arbela
Arbela may refer to: Astronomy Arbela Sulcus, a grooved terrain on Jupiter's moon Ganymede. Places Greco-Roman name of the city of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Arbel, Israel Irbid, Jordan Arbela, Ohio, United States Arbela Township, Michigan, United States Arbela, Missouri, United States Other uses Arbela (bug), a genus...
Tanbur
The term Tanbur[a] can refer to various long-necked string instruments originating in Mesopotamia, Southern or Central Asia.[2] According to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "terminology presents a complicated situation. Nowadays the term tanbur (or tambur) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked...
Oriental Orthodox Churches
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are a communion of Eastern Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite Christology.[1] In 2020, it was estimated that the Oriental Orthodox Churches had 72 million members.[2] The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to the Nicene Christian tradition. Oriental Orthodoxy is one of the oldest branches in...
Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
The Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, also called the Council of Mar Isaac, met in AD 410 in Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Sasanian Empire. Convened by King Yazdegerd I (399-421), it organized the Christians of his empire into a single structured church, which became known as the Church...
Jacob of Nisibis
Jacob of Nisibis (Syriac: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܢܨܝܒܢܝܐ, Yaʿqôḇ Nṣîḇnāyâ; Greek: Ἅγιος Ἰάκωβος Ἐπίσκοπος Μυγδονίας; Armenian: Յակոբ Մծբնայ Yakob Mtsbnay), also known as Jacob of Mygdonia,[6][note 1] Jacob the Great,[7] and James of Nisibis, was a hermit, grazer and the bishop of Nisibis until his death.[8]
F. Murray Abraham
F. Murray Abraham (born Murray Abraham; October 24, 1939) is an American actor. Known for his roles on stage and screen, he has received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award as well as nominations for a BAFTA Award, four Emmy Awards, and a Grammy Award. He...
Philoxenus of Mabbug
Philoxenus of Mabbug (Syriac: ܐܟܣܢܝܐ ܡܒܘܓܝܐ, Aksenāyâ Mabûḡāyâ; died 523), also known as Philoxenus of Hierapolis, Xenaias, and Akhsenaya, was one of the most notable Syriac prose writers during the Byzantine period and a vehement champion of Miaphysitism.
Assyrian siege of Jerusalem
The Assyrian siege of Jerusalem (c. 701 BC) was an aborted siege of Jerusalem, then capital of the Kingdom of Judah, carried out by Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The siege concluded Sennacharib's campaign in the Levant, in which he attacked the fortified cities and devastated the...
Old Aramaic
Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from early Aramaic inscriptions and dated to the 10th century BCE through the 8th century BCE.
Ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was home to many cradles of civilization, spanning Ancient Mesopotamia,[1][a] the ancient Levant,[b] ancient Egypt, ancient Elam, ancient Anatolia or Asia Minor, the ancient South Caucasus and Armenian highlands,[2][c] and ancient Northern Arabia (including Dilmun).[d] It is generally not considered to include Pre-Islamic Arabia...
Assyrian volunteers
The Assyrian volunteers was an ethnic, but not exclusively, Assyrian military force during World War I, led mainly by General Agha Petros Elia of Baz and several tribal leaders known as Maliks (Syriac: ܡܠܟ) under the spiritual leadership of the Catholicos-Patriarch Mar Shimun Benyamin. The volunteers were allied...
Tyari
Tyari[a] (Syriac: ܛܝܵܪܹܐ, romanized: Ṭyārē)[1][2] is an Assyrian tribe and a historical district within Hakkari, Turkey. The area was traditionally divided into Upper Tyari (Tyari Letha[3]) and Lower Tyari (Tyari Khtetha[3])-each consisting of several Assyrian villages. Both Upper and Lower Tyari are located on the western bank of...
Adad-nirari III
Adad-nīrārī III (also Adad-nārārī, meaning "Adad (the storm god) is my help") was the King of Assyria from 811 to 783 BC.[nb 1]
Assyriska BK
Assyriska BK is a Swedish football club based in Västra Frölunda, Gothenburg.[1] The club was formed in 1985 by Assyrian immigrants[2] and is currently playing in Division 2 Västra Götaland which is the fourth tier of Swedish football.[3] They play their home matches at Ruddalens IP in Västra...
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (/sɪˈljuːsɪd/ sih-LEW-sid[7]) was a Greek state[8] in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. It was founded by the Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, following the division of Alexander the Great's Empire,[9] and was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty[10] from Seleucia and later...
1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
A series of massacres in Hakkari in the years 1843 and 1846 of Assyrian Christians were carried out by the Kurdish emirs of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedir Khan Beg and Nurullah Beg along with allied Assyrian tribes who were against the rule of Shimun XVII Abraham.[1][2] According to...
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC)[6], (Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܡܠܢܟܪܝܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܘܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ ܕܗܢܕܘ) also known as the Indian Orthodox Church (IOC)[7] or simply as the Malankara Church,[8] is an autocephalous[9][10][4] Oriental Orthodox church headquartered in Devalokam, near Kottayam, India. It serves India's Saint Thomas Christian (also known as Nasrani)...
Osroene
Osroene (/ɒzˈriːniː/; Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή), also spelled Osrhoene, was an ancient kingdom and region in Upper Mesopotamia. The Kingdom of Osroene, also known as the Kingdom of Edessa (Classical Syriac: ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ, "Kingdom of Urhay") after its capital city (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), existed from the 2nd century...
Al-Mada'in
Al-Mada'in (Arabic: المدائن, al-Madāʾin; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מחוזא Māḥozā; lit. 'the cities')[1] was an ancient metropolis situated on the Tigris in what is now Iraq. It was located between the ancient royal centers of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, and was founded by the Sasanian Empire. The city's name was...
Siege of Lachish
The siege of Lachish was the Neo-Assyrian Empire's siege[1] and conquest of the town of Lachish in 701 BC.[2] The siege is documented in several sources including the Hebrew Bible, Assyrian documents and in the Lachish relief, a well-preserved series of reliefs which once decorated the Assyrian king...
Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon (/ˈtɛsɪfɒn/ TESS-if-on; Middle Persian: 𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn;[1] Persian: تیسفون; Ancient Greek: Κτησιφῶν, Attic Greek: [ktɛːsipʰɔ̂ːn]; Syriac: ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ[2]) was an ancient city in modern Iraq, on the eastern bank of the Tigris, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) (22 mi) southeast of Baghdad. Ctesiphon served as a royal...
Ninos Gouriye
Ninos Gouriye (born 14 January 1991) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a winger for Rotterdam amateur side Neptunus-Schiebroek.[1]
Fall of Nineveh
The Fall of Nineveh, also called the Battle of Nineveh, was a major battle that marked the climax of the Conquest of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC. After the Assyrian defeat at the Fall of Assur, an allied army which involved the combined forces of Medes and...
Tell Sheikh Hamad
Tell Sheikh Hamad (Arabic: تل الشيخ حمد), also Dur-Katlimmu, is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower Khabur River,[1] a tributary of the Euphrates.
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) is a grouping of related dialects of Neo-Aramaic spoken before World War I as a vernacular language by Jews and Assyrian Christians between the Tigris and Lake Urmia, stretching north to Lake Van and southwards to Mosul and Kirkuk. As a result of the Assyrian...
Iraq Levies
The Iraq Levies (also known as the Assyrian Levies) was a predominantly Assyrian force[4] and the first Iraqi military force. They were established by the British, who controlled Mandatory Iraq.[5] The Iraq Levies originated in a local armed scout force raised during the First World War. After Iraq...
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